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      Lipid Metabolism: Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Prospectives in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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          Abstract

          Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the production of abnormal autoantibodies and immune complexes that can affect the organ and organ systems, particularly the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulated lipid metabolism, especially in key effector cells, such as T cells, B cells, and innate immune cells, exerts complex effects on the pathogenesis and progression of SLE. Beyond their important roles as membrane components and energy storage, different lipids can also modulate different cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In this review, we summarize altered lipid metabolism and the associated mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of SLE. Furthermore, we discuss the recent progress in the role of lipid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target in SLE.

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          Most cited references175

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          Dendritic cells and the control of immunity.

          B and T lymphocytes are the mediators of immunity, but their function is under the control of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells in the periphery capture and process antigens, express lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules, migrate to lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to initiate immune responses. They not only activate lymphocytes, they also tolerize T cells to antigens that are innate to the body (self-antigens), thereby minimizing autoimmune reactions. Once a neglected cell type, dendritic cells can now be readily obtained in sufficient quantities to allow molecular and cell biological analysis. With knowledge comes the realization that these cells are a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.
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            Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance.

            Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that arises from an imbalance in lipid metabolism and a maladaptive immune response driven by the accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the artery wall. Through the analysis of the progression and regression of atherosclerosis in animal models, there is a growing understanding that the balance of macrophages in the plaque is dynamic and that both macrophage numbers and the inflammatory phenotype influence plaque fate. In this Review, we summarize recently identified pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that link lipid and inflammation biology with the retention of macrophages in plaques, as well as factors that have the potential to promote their egress from these sites.
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              Cutting edge: distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets.

              Stimulated CD4(+) T lymphocytes can differentiate into effector T cell (Teff) or inducible regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets with specific immunological roles. We show that Teff and Treg require distinct metabolic programs to support these functions. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells expressed high surface levels of the glucose transporter Glut1 and were highly glycolytic. Treg, in contrast, expressed low levels of Glut1 and had high lipid oxidation rates. Consistent with glycolysis and lipid oxidation promoting Teff and Treg, respectively, Teff were selectively increased in Glut1 transgenic mice and reliant on glucose metabolism, whereas Treg had activated AMP-activated protein kinase and were dependent on lipid oxidation. Importantly, AMP-activated protein kinase stimulation was sufficient to decrease Glut1 and increase Treg generation in an asthma model. These data demonstrate that CD4(+) T cell subsets require distinct metabolic programs that can be manipulated in vivo to control Treg and Teff development in inflammatory diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                18 March 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 860586
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
                [2] 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
                [3] 3 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Beijing, China
                [4] 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
                [5] 5 The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
                [6] 6 Center of Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontolog , Beijing, China
                [7] 7 Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
                [8] 8 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Hai-Feng Pan, Anhui Medical University, China

                Reviewed by: Kongyang Ma, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Yafeng Li, The Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China

                *Correspondence: Yudong Liu, yudongliu1983@ 123456126.com ; Yong Song, yong_song6310@ 123456yahoo.com

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2022.860586
                8971568
                35371016
                af5efff5-76d9-4542-ba72-efbf843eef64
                Copyright © 2022 Sun, Li, Cai, Ma, Zhang, Song and Liu

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 23 January 2022
                : 28 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 175, Pages: 15, Words: 7508
                Categories
                Immunology
                Review

                Immunology
                systemic lupus erythematosus (sle),dyslipidemia (dlp),lipid metabolism,immunocyte,autoimmunity

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