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      Stress of COVID-19 and mental health outcomes in Palestine: the mediating role of well-being and resilience

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          We tested the association between the stress of COVID-19 and mental distress manifested by anxiety, depression, and stress, and whether well-being and resilience mediate the relationship between the two variables in a population of Palestinian adults. Namely, we hypothesized that stress of COVID-19 will be positively associated with mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress); well-being and resilience will be negatively associated with mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress); and well-being and resilience will mediate the association between the stress of COVID-19 and mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and stress).

          PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE

          Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, the Resilience Scale for Adults, the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and the COVID-19 Stress Scales were administered to 860 participants via online survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to address the study hypothesis.

          RESULTS

          Participants recorded a mild level of stress of COVID-19 and high scores for resilience and well-being. A conceptual model depicting COVID-19 stress as a predictor, mental distress as an outcome variable, and resilience and subjective well-being as mediators was confirmed.

          CONCLUSIONS

          Palestinians are exposed to mental distress in an environment characterized by ongoing stressors. Conversely, the capability of Palestinians to conserve good levels of well-being and resilience protects them from mental distress even in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. On the other hand, COVID-19 can be considered a new critical event demanding and diminishing the people’s resiliency recourses in Palestine. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.

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          Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

          Li‐tze Hu, Peter M. Bentler (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 10944 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

            Cuiyan Wang, Riyu Pan, Xiaoyang Wan … (2020)
            Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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              Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

              Emily A. Holmes, Rory C O'Connor, V. Perry … (2020)
              Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on all aspects of society, including mental health and physical health. We explore the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19 and set out the immediate priorities and longer-term strategies for mental health science research. These priorities were informed by surveys of the public and an expert panel convened by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the mental health research charity, MQ: Transforming Mental Health, in the first weeks of the pandemic in the UK in March, 2020. We urge UK research funding agencies to work with researchers, people with lived experience, and others to establish a high level coordination group to ensure that these research priorities are addressed, and to allow new ones to be identified over time. The need to maintain high-quality research standards is imperative. International collaboration and a global perspective will be beneficial. An immediate priority is collecting high-quality data on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across the whole population and vulnerable groups, and on brain function, cognition, and mental health of patients with COVID-19. There is an urgent need for research to address how mental health consequences for vulnerable groups can be mitigated under pandemic conditions, and on the impact of repeated media consumption and health messaging around COVID-19. Discovery, evaluation, and refinement of mechanistically driven interventions to address the psychological, social, and neuroscientific aspects of the pandemic are required. Rising to this challenge will require integration across disciplines and sectors, and should be done together with people with lived experience. New funding will be required to meet these priorities, and it can be efficiently leveraged by the UK's world-leading infrastructure. This Position Paper provides a strategy that may be both adapted for, and integrated with, research efforts in other countries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Guido Veronese:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9681-8883
                Role: Study design, Data interpretation, Manuscript preparation, Literature search
                Fayez Mahamid:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-4783
                Role: Statistical analysis, Manuscript preparation, Literature search
                Dana Bdier: Role: Data collection, Manuscript preparation, Literature search
                Rachel Pancake: Role: Data interpretation, Manuscript preparation, Literature search
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Psychol Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Psychol Rep
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HPR
                Title: Health Psychology Report
                Publisher: Termedia Publishing House
                ISSN (Print): 2353-4184
                ISSN (Electronic): 2353-5571
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 March 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 389-410
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
                [2 ]An-Najah National University, Nablus, Occupied Palestinian Territories
                Author notes
                CORRESPONDING AUTHOR – Prof. Guido Veronese, Department of Human Sciences and Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’ Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy, e-mail: guido.veronese@ 123456unimib.it
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9681-8883
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-4783
                Article
                Publisher ID: 132923
                DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2021.104490
                PMC ID: 10687527
                PubMed ID: 38084307
                SO-VID: af023dd9-1633-4c15-9a1e-879e3f31fe19
                Copyright © Copyright © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

                History
                Date received : 10 December 2020
                Date revision received : 13 January 2021
                Date accepted : 29 January 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: covid-19,mental distress,resilience,subjective well-being
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, mental distress, resilience, subjective well-being

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