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      A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus with soft tissue preservation, stomach contents and a putative coprolite

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          Abstract

          Despite being known for nearly two centuries, new specimens of the derived non-pterodactyloid pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus continue to be discovered and reveal new information about their anatomy and palaeobiology. Here we describe a specimen held in the collections of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Alberta, Canada that shows both preservation and impressions of soft tissues, and also preserves material interpreted as stomach contents of vertebrate remains and, uniquely, a putative coprolite. The specimen also preserves additional evidence for fibers in the uropatagium.

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          Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding behavior of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Hawaiian waters

          Christopher Lowe, Bradley M. Wetherbee, Gerald Crow … (1996)
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            The vertebrates of the Jurassic Daohugou Biota of northeastern China

            Corwin Sullivan, Yuan Wang, David W. E. Hone … (2014)
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              Respiratory Evolution Facilitated the Origin of Pterosaur Flight and Aerial Gigantism

              Leon P. A. M. Claessens, Patrick M. O'Connor, David Unwin (2009)
              Pterosaurs, enigmatic extinct Mesozoic reptiles, were the first vertebrates to achieve true flapping flight. Various lines of evidence provide strong support for highly efficient wing design, control, and flight capabilities. However, little is known of the pulmonary system that powered flight in pterosaurs. We investigated the structure and function of the pterosaurian breathing apparatus through a broad scale comparative study of respiratory structure and function in living and extinct archosaurs, using computer-assisted tomographic (CT) scanning of pterosaur and bird skeletal remains, cineradiographic (X-ray film) studies of the skeletal breathing pump in extant birds and alligators, and study of skeletal structure in historic fossil specimens. In this report we present various lines of skeletal evidence that indicate that pterosaurs had a highly effective flow-through respiratory system, capable of sustaining powered flight, predating the appearance of an analogous breathing system in birds by approximately seventy million years. Convergent evolution of gigantism in several Cretaceous pterosaur lineages was made possible through body density reduction by expansion of the pulmonary air sac system throughout the trunk and the distal limb girdle skeleton, highlighting the importance of respiratory adaptations in pterosaur evolution, and the dramatic effect of the release of physical constraints on morphological diversification and evolutionary radiation.
              Article 0 comments Cited 62 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                David Hone
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ
                Journal ID (pmc): PeerJ
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PeerJ
                Title: PeerJ
                Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 August 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1191
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology , Drumheller, Alberta, Canada
                [3 ]Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1191
                DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1191
                PMC ID: 4548500
                PubMed ID: 26312182
                SO-VID: aea08d12-feec-4bf0-9d23-689f043bd460
                Copyright © © 2015 Hone et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 March 2015
                Date accepted : 26 July 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: Project Daspletosaurus
                The work was supported by donations via Experiment.com and contributions of numerous donors to Project Daspletosaurus. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Paleontology

                Keywords: rhamphorhynchoid,palaeoecology,pterosauria,rhamphorhynchinae
                Data availability:
                Keywords: rhamphorhynchoid, palaeoecology, pterosauria, rhamphorhynchinae

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