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      Gallus gallus domesticus: immune system and its potential for generationof immunobiologics Translated title: Gallus gallus domesticus: sistema imunológico e seu potencial para geração de imunobiológicos

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Gallus gallus domesticus’ immune system is a promising tool for generation of antibody-based immunobiologics. Immunoglobulin y (IgY) is extracted from egg yolk and has equivalent functions to mammal’s igg antibody. Avian immune system can be stimulated to produce a high-quality antibody repertoire. In this review, we present an overview of avian immune system emphasizing igy and its applications as an immunobiologic.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: O sistema imunológico deGallus gallus domesticus é uma ferramenta promissora para a geração de imunobiológico a partir de anticorpos. A imunoglobulina Y (IgY) é extraída da gema do ovo e apresenta funções equivalentes ao anticorpo IgG dos mamíferos. O sistema imune aviário pode ser estimulado para produzir um repertório de anticorpos de alta qualidade. Nesta revisão apresentamos aspectos gerais do sistema imune aviário enfatizando o IgY e suas aplicações como um imunobiológico.

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          TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host immune responses in major infectious diseases: a review

          Suprabhat Mukherjee, Subhajit Karmakar, Santi Babu (2016)
          During the course of evolution, multicellular organisms have been orchestrated with an efficient and versatile immune system to counteract diverse group of pathogenic organisms. Pathogen recognition is considered as the most critical step behind eliciting adequate immune response during an infection. Hitherto Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially the surface ones viz. TLR2 and TLR4 have gained immense importance due to their extreme ability of identifying distinct molecular patterns from invading pathogens. These pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) not only act as innate sensor but also shape and bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, they also play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2 type of response essential for the survivability of the host. In this work, major achievements rather findings made on the typical signalling and immunopathological attributes of TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host response against the major infectious diseases have been reviewed. Infectious diseases like tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, malaria, and filariasis are still posing myriad threat to mankind. Furthermore, increasing resistance of the causative organisms against available therapeutics is also an emerging problem. Thus, stimulation of host immune response with TLR2 and TLR4 agonist can be the option of choice to treat such diseases in future.
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            Advances in avian immunology--prospects for disease control: a review.

            Pete Kaiser (2010)
            In order to develop novel solutions to avian disease problems, including novel vaccines and/or vaccine adjuvants, and the identification of disease resistance genes which can feed into conventional breeding programmes, it is necessary to gain a more thorough understanding of the avian immune response and how pathogens can subvert that response. Birds occupy the same habitats as mammals, have similar ranges of longevity and body mass, and face similar pathogen challenges, yet birds have a different repertoire of organs, cells, molecules and genes of the immune system compared to mammals. This review summarises the current state of knowledge of the chicken's immune response, highlighting differences in the bird compared to mammals, and discusses how the availability of the chicken genome sequence and the associated postgenomics technologies are contributing to theses studies and also to the development of novel intervention strategies againts avian and zoonotic disease.
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              Avian Interferons and Their Antiviral Effectors

              Diwakar Santhakumar, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Luis Martínez-Sobrido … (2017)
              Interferon (IFN) responses, mediated by a myriad of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), are the most profound innate immune responses against viruses. Cumulatively, these IFN effectors establish a multilayered antiviral state to safeguard the host against invading viral pathogens. Considerable genetic and functional characterizations of mammalian IFNs and their effectors have been made, and our understanding on the avian IFNs has started to expand. Similar to mammalian counterparts, three types of IFNs have been genetically characterized in most avian species with available annotated genomes. Intriguingly, chickens are capable of mounting potent innate immune responses upon various stimuli in the absence of essential components of IFN pathways including retinoic acid-inducible gene I, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and possibility IRF9. Understanding these unique properties of the chicken IFN system would propose valuable targets for the development of potential therapeutics for a broader range of viruses of both veterinary and zoonotic importance. This review outlines recent developments in the roles of avian IFNs and ISGs against viruses and highlights important areas of research toward our understanding of the antiviral functions of IFN effectors against viral infections in birds.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cr
                Title: Ciência Rural
                Abbreviated Title: Cienc. Rural
                Publisher: Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 0103-8478
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-4596
                Publication date (Print and electronic): 2018
                Volume: 48
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e20180250
                Affiliations
                [1] Goiânia Goiás orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Brazil
                [2] Uberlândia Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias Brazil
                [3] Uberaba Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade de Uberaba orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos Brazil
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0103-84782018000800452 Publisher ID: S0103-8478(18)04800800452
                DOI: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20180250
                SO-VID: ae9dc8ee-d217-4090-a53c-f40a5ebb81c8
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 13 June 2018
                Date received : 25 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Subject: Microbiology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: tecidos linfoides aviários,resposta imune aviária,anticorpo IgY.,avian lymphoid tissues,avian immune response,IgY antibody
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: tecidos linfoides aviários, resposta imune aviária, anticorpo IgY., avian lymphoid tissues, avian immune response, IgY antibody

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