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      Retrospective study of pathogens involved in vaginitis among Chinese women

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          Abstract

          Background

          To explore the pathogen distribution in Chinese females with vaginitis.

          Methods

          This retrospective study included Chinese females with vaginitis admitted at the outpatient department of the Gynecology Clinic of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University between January 2013 and June 2013. Data on the vaginal pathogens and inflammation were analyzed.

          Results

          The vaginal secretions from 15,601 gynecologic outpatients were abnormal, including 8547 (54.78%) with vaginal infection and 7054 (45.22%) without. In patients with vaginal infections, a single infection was observed in 69.72% (5959/8547) of them, and mixed infection was observed in 30.28% (2588/8547). The differences in age and inflammation grade between the infection and no-infection groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.001). In addition, multiple types of vaginitis could be diagnosed in patients with mixed infections.

          Conclusions

          About half of the Chinese women with abnormal vaginal secretions are positive for pathogens in the study period. Patients’ age and inflammation grade are associated with co-infection. From the public health perspective, this study suggests that the importance of vaginal hygiene should be enforced in Chinese women.

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          Free Glycogen in Vaginal Fluids Is Associated with Lactobacillus Colonization and Low Vaginal pH

          Paria Mirmonsef, Anna Hotton, Douglas Gilbert … (2014)
          Objective Lactobacillus dominates the lower genital tract microbiota of many women, producing a low vaginal pH, and is important for healthy pregnancy outcomes and protection against several sexually transmitted pathogens. Yet, factors that promote Lactobacillus remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that the amount of free glycogen in the lumen of the lower genital tract is an important determinant of Lactobacillus colonization and a low vaginal pH. Methods Free glycogen in lavage samples was quantified. Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to identify microbiota from 21 African American women collected over 8–11 years. Results Free glycogen levels varied greatly between women and even in the same woman. Samples with the highest free glycogen had a corresponding median genital pH that was significantly lower (pH 4.4) than those with low glycogen (pH 5.8; p<0.001). The fraction of the microbiota consisting of Lactobacillus was highest in samples with high glycogen versus those with low glycogen (median = 0.97 vs. 0.05, p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, having 1 vs. 0 male sexual partner in the past 6 months was negatively associated, while BMI ≥30 was positively associated with glycogen. High concentrations of glycogen corresponded to higher levels of L. crispatus and L. jensenii, but not L. iners. Conclusion These findings show that free glycogen in genital fluid is associated with a genital microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus, suggesting glycogen is important for maintaining genital health. Treatments aimed at increasing genital free glycogen might impact Lactobacillus colonization.
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            GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

            Elizabeth Lamos, Rana Malek, Stephen Davis (2017)
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              Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Risk Factors among Women Complaining of Genital Tract Infection

              Adane Bitew, Yeshiwork Abebaw, Delayehu Bekele … (2017)
              Background Bacterial vaginosis is a global concern due to the increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections. Objectives To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 patients between September 2015 and July 2016 at St. Paul's Hospital. Gram-stained vaginal swabs were examined microscopically and graded as per Nugent's procedure. Bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis were characterized, and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined. Results The overall prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 48.6%. Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with number of pants used per day (p = 0.001) and frequency of vaginal bathing (p = 0.045). Of 151 bacterial isolates, 69.5% were Gram-negative and 30.5% were Gram-positive bacteria. The overall drug resistance level of Gram-positive bacteria was high against penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Cefoxitin and tobramycin were the most active drugs against Gram-positive bacteria. The overall drug resistance level of Gram-negative bacteria was high against tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Amikacin and tobramycin were the most active drugs against Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was high and was affected by individual hygiene. Routine culture of vaginal samples should be performed on patients with vaginitis and the drug susceptibility pattern of each isolate should be determined.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yang Liu: 13518735544@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Womens Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Womens Health
                Title: BMC Women's Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6874
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 July 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 8 July 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 23
                Electronic Location Identifier: 364
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.415444.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1800 0367, Department of Reproduction, , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, ; No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000 Yunnan China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2510
                DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02510-0
                PMC ID: 10329346
                SO-VID: ae6b6e59-d928-48c1-bf40-fe11aa94b9b2
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 8 December 2022
                Date accepted : 26 June 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Yunnan Ten Thousand Youth Talent Program
                Award ID: [2018]73
                Funded by: the Yunnan Ten Thousand "Famous Doctors" Special Project
                Award ID: [2019]35
                Funded by: the Medical Discipline Leader in Health Commission of Yunnan Province
                Award ID: D-2019004
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: inflammation,mixed infection,single infection,vaginal infection
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: inflammation, mixed infection, single infection, vaginal infection

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