Caminhos do capital financeiro no espaço agrário brasileiro: elementos para o debate dos conflitos hídricos no Mato Grosso, Brasil  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Pathways of financial capital in the Brazilian agrarian space: elements for the debate on water conflicts in Mato Grosso, Brazil </span>

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Abstract

Resumo Calcado na leitura de Moore (2015) e nos conceitos de neoextrativismo e land grabbing, este trabalho caracteriza uma forma emblemática de concretização do capitalismo na América Latina, especialmente no estado brasileiro do Mato Grosso. Como manifestações concretas do land grabbing são discutidos os recentemente instituídos Fundos de Investimento do Agronegócio (Fiagro) e apresentadas as empresas listadas em bolsa vinculadas diretamente à especulação de terras e/ou ao monocultivo. Apresentam-se a geolocalização das fazendas administradas pelos Fiagro e sua proximidade dos conflitos por água no estado do Mato Grosso, além do mapa dos compartimentos geoambientais desse estado e o das terras indígenas. O objetivo é encontrar pistas de como - em resposta ao movimento geral de circulação e de valorização do capital em escala global - a construção e a operacionalização desses renovados instrumentos financeiros podem repercutir concretamente na existência de territórios de povos e comunidades que teimam em funcionar com outra lógica.

Translated abstract

Abstract Based on the reading of Moore (2015) and the concepts of neo-extractivism and land grabbing, this paper characterizes an emblematic form of the realization of capitalism in Latin America, particularly in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. As concrete expressions of land grabbing, the recently established Investment Funds in Agroindustrial Productive Chains (Fiagro) are discussed, and companies listed on the stock exchange directly linked to land speculation and/or monoculture are also presented. The geolocation is also revealed of the farms managed by Fiagro and their proximity to water conflicts in the state of Mato Grosso, together with a map presenting the geoenvironmental compartments of Mato Grosso and the indigenous lands. The objective is to discover clues on how - in response to the general movement of circulation and appreciation of capital on a global scale - the construction and operationalization of these renewed financial instruments may have a concrete impact on the existence of territories of peoples and communities that insist on operating with another logic.

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Is Open Access

Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally

Charles Benbrook (2016)

Background Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Methods Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Results Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Conclusions Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.