The Spine of a Supersingular $\ell$-Isogeny graph

Abstract

Supersingular elliptic curve $\ell$-isogeny graphs over finite fields offer a setting for a number of quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols. The security analysis of these schemes typically assumes that these graphs behave randomly. Motivated by this debatable assertion, we explore structural properties of these graphs. We detail the behavior, governed by congruence conditions on $p$, of the $\ell$-isogeny graph over $\mathbb{F}_p$ when passing to the spine, i.e.\ the subgraph induced by the $\mathbb{F}_p$-vertices in the full $\ell$-isogeny graph. We describe the diameter of the spine and offer numerical data on the number of vertices, over both $\mathbb{F}_p$ and $\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p$, in the center of the $\ell$-isogeny graph. Our plots of these counts exhibit an intriguing wave-shaped pattern which warrants further investigation. Accompanying code: https://github.com/TahaHedayat/LUCANT-2025-Supersingular-Ell-Isogeny-Spine