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      Candidíase vulvovaginal: fatores predisponentes do hospedeiro e virulência das leveduras Translated title: Vulvovaginal candidiasis: susceptibility factors of the host and virulence of the yeasts

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: Leveduras do gênero Candida são patógenos oportunistas freqüentemente isolados das superfícies mucosas de indivíduos normais, mas podem levar ao desenvolvimento de infecções denominadas candidíases, que variam desde lesões superficiais até infecções disseminadas. OBJETIVOS: Ampliar os conhecimentos sobre candidíase vulvovaginal (CVV: infecção de vulva e vagina, causada por leveduras comensais que habitam a mucosa vaginal) e candidíase vulvovaginal recorrente (CVVR: ocorrência de quatro ou mais episódios de CVV no período de 12 meses), bem como caracterizar e abordar o ponto de vista das influências do hospedeiro e dos fatores de virulência dos agentes causais da infecção, principalmente C. albicans, visando identificar a sua importância nessa patologia. Tanto fatores predisponentes locais como sistêmicos do hospedeiro podem contribuir para a invasão por Candida sp. Sua intensa multiplicação no canal vaginal é favorecida por uma série de fatores predisponentes abordados nesta revisão. Também tem sido postulado que existem diferenças na patogenicidade de isolados de Candida sp., não sendo o fungo apenas um participante passivo no processo infeccioso; com isso vários fatores de virulência têm sido propostos e são descritos. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÕES: Este artigo de revisão bibliográfica buscou atualizar os profissionais da área da saúde em relação a CVV, CVVR, aspectos predisponentes do hospedeiro e virulência dos agentes causais, que são pouco conhecidos. Assim, a atualização e o conhecimento de conceitos básicos e clínicos relacionados com essa patologia são muito importantes para auxiliar o seu manejo pelos profissionais da área.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a vulva and vagina infection caused by comensal yeasts that inhabit the vaginal mucosa and eventually become patogenic, depending on host conditions. Eighty percent to 90% of the infections are due to C. albicans, and 10% to 20% to other species called non-C. albicans (C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. lusitaniae). C. glabrata is the second agent in frequency in VVC and yeasts of other genus can also cause this infection, as Saccahromyces cerevisiae, Rhodutorula sp. and Trichosporon sp. Besides host inherent factors, it has been postulated that differences exist in the patogenicity of different isolates of Candida sp. The fungus is not a mere passive participant in the infectious process, and a series of virulence factors has been proposed, but little was investigated in VVC. The objective of this work is to enlarge knowledge on VVC and RVVC, as well as to discuss the influences of host and virulence factors, aiming to identify their importance in this pathology. These aspects are of great importance for professionals that act in the area of women’s health.

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          Most cited references67

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          Biofilm formation as microbial development.

          Biofilms can be defined as communities of microorganisms attached to a surface. It is clear that microorganisms undergo profound changes during their transition from planktonic (free-swimming) organisms to cells that are part of a complex, surface-attached community. These changes are reflected in the new phenotypic characteristics developed by biofilm bacteria and occur in response to a variety of environmental signals. Recent genetic and molecular approaches used to study bacterial and fungal biofilms have identified genes and regulatory circuits important for initial cell-surface interactions, biofilm maturation, and the return of biofilm microorganisms to a planktonic mode of growth. Studies to date suggest that the planktonic-biofilm transition is a complex and highly regulated process. The results reviewed in this article indicate that the formation of biofilms serves as a new model system for the study of microbial development.
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            Virulence factors of Candida albicans

            Candidiasis is a common infection of the skin, oral cavity and esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, vagina and vascular system of humans. Although most infections occur in patients who are immunocompromised or debilitated in some other way, the organism most often responsible for disease, Candida albicans, expresses several virulence factors that contribute to pathogenesis. These factors include host recognition biomolecules (adhesins), morphogenesis (the reversible transition between unicellular yeast cells and filamentous, growth forms), secreted aspartyl proteases and phospholipases. Additionally, 'phenotypic switching' is accompanied by changes in antigen expression, colony morphology and tissue affinities in C. albicans and several other Candida spp. Switching might provide cells with a flexibility that results in the adaptation of the organism to the hostile conditions imposed not only by the host but also by the physician treating the infection.
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              Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans: identification, function, and expression.

              The cell wall is essential to nearly every aspect of the biology and pathogenicity of Candida albicans. Although it was initially considered an almost inert cellular structure that protected the protoplast against osmotic offense, more recent studies have demonstrated that it is a dynamic organelle. The major components of the cell wall are glucan and chitin, which are associated with structural rigidity, and mannoproteins. The protein component, including both mannoprotein and nonmannoproteins, comprises some 40 or more moieties. Wall proteins may differ in their expression, secretion, or topological location within the wall structure. Proteins may be modified by glycosylation (primarily addition of mannose residues), phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Among the secreted enzymes are those that are postulated to have substrates within the cell wall and those that find substrates in the extracellular environment. Cell wall proteins have been implicated in adhesion to host tissues and ligands. Fibrinogen, complement fragments, and several extracellular matrix components are among the host proteins bound by cell wall proteins. Proteins related to the hsp70 and hsp90 families of conserved stress proteins and some glycolytic enzyme proteins are also found in the cell wall, apparently as bona fide components. In addition, the expression of some proteins is associated with the morphological growth form of the fungus and may play a role in morphogenesis. Finally, surface mannoproteins are strong immunogens that trigger and modulate the host immune response during candidiasis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1676-2444
                1678-4774
                October 2007
                : 43
                : 5
                : 319-327
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameCentro Universitário de Maringá
                [02] orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Maringá
                [03] orgnameUEM
                Article
                S1676-24442007000500004 S1676-2444(07)04300504
                ad7fc99a-3ed4-4de0-a71a-0f9c38439e93

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 August 2006
                : 02 July 2007
                : 26 June 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Medicina Laboratorial

                Virulence factors,Candidíase vulvovaginal,Candida albicans,Fatores predisponentes,Fatores de virulência,Vulvovaginal candidiasis,Susceptibility factors

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