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      Periosteum: A Highly Underrated Tool in Dentistry

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      Author(s): *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: International Journal of Dentistry
      Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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          Abstract

          The ultimate goal of any dental treatment is the regeneration of lost tissues and alveolar bone. Under the appropriate culture conditions, periosteal cells secrete extracellular matrix and form a membranous structure. The periosteum can be easily harvested from the patient's own oral cavity, where the resulting donor site wound is invisible. Owing to the above reasons, the periosteum offers a rich cell source for bone tissue engineering; hence, the regenerative potential of periosteum is immense. Although the use of periosteum as a regenerative tool has been extensive in general medical field, the regenerative potential of periosteum is highly underestimated in dentistry; therefore, the present paper reviews the current literature related to the regenerative potential of periosteum and gives an insight to the future use of periosteum in dentistry.

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          Mesenchymal multipotency of adult human periosteal cells demonstrated by single-cell lineage analysis.

          Cosimo De Bari, Francesco Dell'Accio, Johan Vanlauwe … (2006)
          To investigate whether periosteal cells from adult humans have features of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at the single-cell level. Cell populations were enzymatically released from the periosteum of the proximal tibia obtained from adult human donors and then expanded in monolayer. Single-cell-derived clonal populations were obtained by limiting dilution. Culture-expanded periosteal cell populations were tested for their growth potential and for expression of conventional markers of MSCs and were subjected to in vitro assays to investigate their multilineage potential. To assess their multipotency in vivo, periosteal cells were injected into a regenerating mouse tibialis anterior muscle for skeletal myogenesis or were either seeded into an osteoinductive matrix and implanted subcutaneously into nude mice for osteogenesis or implanted in a joint surface defect under a periosteal flap into goats for chondrogenesis. Cell phenotypes were analyzed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the expression of lineage-related marker genes. Regardless of donor age, periosteal cells were clonogenic and could be expanded extensively in monolayer, maintaining linear growth curves over at least 30 population doublings. They displayed long telomeres and expressed markers of MSCs. Under specific conditions, both parental and single-cell-derived clonal cell populations differentiated to the chondrocyte, osteoblast, adipocyte, and skeletal myocyte lineages in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates that, regardless of donor age, the adult human periosteum contains cells that, upon enzymatic release and culture expansion, are multipotent MSCs at the single-cell level.
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            Enamel matrix, cementum development and regeneration.

            M-L Hammarström (1997)
            Studies during the last 20 years have indicated that enamel-related proteins are involved in the formation of cementum. In the present article, this relation is further explored. Attention is called to the fact that coronal acellular extrinsic fiber cementum is formed on the enamel surface in a number of species. The composition of the enamel matrix proteins and the expression of these proteins during root formation are briefly reviewed. The dominating constituent of the enamel matrix, amelogenin, is shown by means of immunohistochemistry to be expressed in human teeth during root formation. Amelogenin was also found to be present in Tomes' granular layer of human teeth. When mesenchymal cells of the dental follicle were exposed to the enamel matrix a non-cellular hard tissue matrix was formed at the enamel surface. Application of porcine enamel matrix in experimental cavities in the roots of incisors of monkeys induced formation of acellular cementum that was well attached to the dentin. In control cavities without enamel matrix, a cellular, poorly attached hard tissue was formed. The present studies provide additional support to the idea that enamel matrix proteins are involved in the formation of acellular cementum and also that they have the potential to induce regeneration of the same type of cementum.
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              Periosteal bone formation--a neglected determinant of bone strength.

              Ego Seeman (2003)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJD
                Title: International Journal of Dentistry
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-8728
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-8736
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 September 2011
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 717816
                Affiliations
                Department of Periodontics, Himachal Pradesh Government Dental College and Hospital, Snowdown, Shimla 171001, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Chiaki Kitamura

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/717816
                PMC ID: 3179889
                PubMed ID: 21961003
                SO-VID: ad2c0a4a-2f85-44ab-b821-14e25c305ad6
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Ajay Mahajan.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 July 2011
                Date accepted : 26 July 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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