A nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase–GAPDH interaction sustains the stress-induced NMN/NAD+ salvage pathway in the nucleus

Abstract

All cells require sustained intracellular energy flux, which is driven by redox chemistry at the subcellular level. NAD + , its phosphorylated variant NAD(P) + , and its reduced forms NAD(P)/NAD(P)H are all redox cofactors with key roles in energy metabolism and are substrates for several NAD-consuming enzymes ( e.g. poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, sirtuins, and others). The nicotinamide salvage pathway, constituted by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), mainly replenishes NAD + in eukaryotes. However, unlike NMNAT1, NAMPT is not known to be a nuclear protein, prompting the question of how the nuclear NAD + pool is maintained and how it is replenished upon NAD + consumption. In the present work, using human and murine cells; immunoprecipitation, pulldown, and surface plasmon resonance assays; and immunofluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, and MS-based analyses, we report that GAPDH and NAMPT form a stable complex that is essential for nuclear translocation of NAMPT. This translocation furnishes NMN to replenish NAD + to compensate for the activation of NAD-consuming enzymes by stressful stimuli induced by exposure to H 2 O 2 or S -nitrosoglutathione and DNA damage inducers. These results indicate that by forming a complex with GAPDH, NAMPT can translocate to the nucleus and thereby sustain the stress-induced NMN/NAD + salvage pathway.