Antibody decay, T cell immunity and breakthrough infections following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab and vedolizumab

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Abstract

Anti tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs increase the risk of serious respiratory infection and impair protective immunity following pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Here we report SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune responses and breakthrough infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, who are treated either with the anti-TNF antibody, infliximab, or with vedolizumab targeting a gut-specific anti-integrin that does not impair systemic immunity. Geometric mean [SD] anti-S RBD antibody concentrations are lower and half-lives shorter in patients treated with infliximab than vedolizumab, following two doses of BNT162b2 (566.7 U/mL [6.2] vs 4555.3 U/mL [5.4], p <0.0001; 26.8 days [95% CI 26.2 – 27.5] vs 47.6 days [45.5 – 49.8], p <0.0001); similar results are also observed with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination (184.7 U/mL [5.0] vs 784.0 U/mL [3.5], p <0.0001; 35.9 days [34.9 – 36.8] vs 58.0 days [55.0 – 61.3], p value < 0.0001). One fifth of patients fail to mount a T cell response in both treatment groups. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections are more frequent (5.8% (201/3441) vs 3.9% (66/1682), p = 0.0039) in patients treated with infliximab than vedolizumab, and the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection is predicted by peak anti-S RBD antibody concentration after two vaccine doses. Irrespective of the treatments, higher, more sustained antibody levels are observed in patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination. Our results thus suggest that adapted vaccination schedules may be required to induce immunity in at-risk, anti-TNF-treated patients.

Abstract

Vaccination is effective in protecting from COVID-19. Here the authors report immune responses and breakthrough infections in twice-vaccinated patients receiving anti-TNF treatments for inflammatory bowel disease, and find dampened vaccine responses that implicate the need of adapted vaccination schedules for these patients.

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Most cited references 31

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Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

Fernando P Polack, Stephen J. Thomas, Nicholas R.E. Kitchin … (2023)

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have afflicted tens of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are needed urgently. Methods In an ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly assigned persons 16 years of age or older in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses, 21 days apart, of either placebo or the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 μg per dose). BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle–formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine that encodes a prefusion stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. The primary end points were efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety. Results A total of 43,548 participants underwent randomization, of whom 43,448 received injections: 21,720 with BNT162b2 and 21,728 with placebo. There were 8 cases of Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose among participants assigned to receive BNT162b2 and 162 cases among those assigned to placebo; BNT162b2 was 95% effective in preventing Covid-19 (95% credible interval, 90.3 to 97.6). Similar vaccine efficacy (generally 90 to 100%) was observed across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body-mass index, and the presence of coexisting conditions. Among 10 cases of severe Covid-19 with onset after the first dose, 9 occurred in placebo recipients and 1 in a BNT162b2 recipient. The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups. Conclusions A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. Safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.)

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The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners

Paul Harris, Robert Taylor, Brenda Minor … (2019)

The Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) data management platform was developed in 2004 to address an institutional need at Vanderbilt University, then shared with a limited number of adopting sites beginning in 2006. Given bi-directional benefit in early sharing experiments, we created a broader consortium sharing and support model for any academic, non-profit, or government partner wishing to adopt the software. Our sharing framework and consortium-based support model have evolved over time along with the size of the consortium (currently more than 3200 REDCap partners across 128 countries). While the "REDCap Consortium" model represents only one example of how to build and disseminate a software platform, lessons learned from our approach may assist other research institutions seeking to build and disseminate innovative technologies.

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Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates

Edward E Walsh, Robert W Frenck, Ann Falsey … (2021)

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), have spread to millions of persons worldwide. Multiple vaccine candidates are under development, but no vaccine is currently available. Interim safety and immunogenicity data about the vaccine candidate BNT162b1 in younger adults have been reported previously from trials in Germany and the United States. Methods In an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial conducted in the United States, we randomly assigned healthy adults 18 to 55 years of age and those 65 to 85 years of age to receive either placebo or one of two lipid nanoparticle–formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine candidates: BNT162b1, which encodes a secreted trimerized SARS-CoV-2 receptor–binding domain; or BNT162b2, which encodes a membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike, stabilized in the prefusion conformation. The primary outcome was safety (e.g., local and systemic reactions and adverse events); immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. Trial groups were defined according to vaccine candidate, age of the participants, and vaccine dose level (10 μg, 20 μg, 30 μg, and 100 μg). In all groups but one, participants received two doses, with a 21-day interval between doses; in one group (100 μg of BNT162b1), participants received one dose. Results A total of 195 participants underwent randomization. In each of 13 groups of 15 participants, 12 participants received vaccine and 3 received placebo. BNT162b2 was associated with a lower incidence and severity of systemic reactions than BNT162b1, particularly in older adults. In both younger and older adults, the two vaccine candidates elicited similar dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing geometric mean titers, which were similar to or higher than the geometric mean titer of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent serum samples. Conclusions The safety and immunogenicity data from this U.S. phase 1 trial of two vaccine candidates in younger and older adults, added to earlier interim safety and immunogenicity data regarding BNT162b1 in younger adults from trials in Germany and the United States, support the selection of BNT162b2 for advancement to a pivotal phase 2–3 safety and efficacy evaluation. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Tariq Ahmad:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-5528

tariq.ahmad1@nhs.net

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Commun

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Commun

Title: Nature Communications

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2041-1723

Publication date (Electronic): 16 March 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 16 March 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 1379

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.419309.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0495 6261, Department of Gastroenterology, , Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, ; Exeter, UK

[2 ]GRID grid.8391.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8024, Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, , University of Exeter, ; Exeter, UK

[3 ]GRID grid.416510.7, Department of Gastroenterology, , St Marks Hospital and Academic Institute, ; London, UK

[4 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK

[5 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Department of Infectious Disease, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK

[6 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, , Imperial College London, ; London, United Kingdom

[7 ]GRID grid.419309.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0495 6261, Department of Biochemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, , Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, ; Exeter, UK

[8 ]GRID grid.9481.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0412 8669, IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, , Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Hull, UK

[9 ]GRID grid.9481.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0412 8669, Hull York Medical School, , University of Hull, ; Hull, UK

[10 ]GRID grid.417895.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0693 2181, Department of Gastroenterology, , Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, ; London, UK

[11 ]GRID grid.437485.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0439 3380, Department of Gastroenterology, , Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[12 ]GRID grid.451388.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1795 1830, Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, , The Francis Crick Institute, ; London, UK

[13 ]GRID grid.5335.0, ISNI 0000000121885934, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, , University of Cambridge, ; Cambridge, UK

[14 ]GRID grid.420545.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0489 3985, Department of Gastroenterology, , Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[15 ]GRID grid.13097.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, , King’s College London, ; London, UK

[16 ]GRID grid.417068.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0624 9907, Department of Gastroenterology, , Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, ; Edinburgh, UK

[17 ]GRID grid.511172.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0613 128X, Centre for Inflammation Research, , The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK

[18 ]GRID grid.416041.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0738 5466, Department of Gastroenterology, , Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, ; London, UK

[19 ]GRID grid.4868.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 1133, Centre for Immunobiology, , Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, ; London, UK

[20 ]GRID grid.420004.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 2244, Department of Gastroenterology, , Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

[21 ]GRID grid.1006.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0462 7212, Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, ; Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

[22 ]GRID grid.4305.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK

[23 ]GRID grid.439338.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1114 4366, Lung Division, , Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield Hospitals, ; London, UK

[24 ]GRID grid.139534.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0372 5777, Barts Health NHS Trust, ; London, UK

[25 ]GRID grid.139534.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0372 5777, Barts Health NHS Trust (Paediatric), ; London, UK

[26 ]GRID grid.413477.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0400 3698, Darlington Memorial Hospital, ; County Durham, UK

[27 ]GRID grid.414262.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0400 7883, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, ; Basingstoke, UK

[28 ]GRID grid.498025.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0376 6175, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, ; Birmingham, UK

[29 ]GRID grid.487142.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0377 7907, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, ; Bolton, UK

[30 ]GRID grid.414563.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0624 3644, Borders General Hospital, ; Scotland, UK

[31 ]GRID grid.487190.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0412 6700, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, ; Huddersfield, UK

[32 ]GRID grid.24029.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 0383 8386, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Cambridge, UK

[33 ]GRID grid.428062.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0497 2835, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[34 ]GRID grid.413868.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 2571, Chesterfield Royal Hospital, ; Chesterfield, UK

[35 ]GRID grid.412921.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0387 7190, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ; Chester, UK

[36 ]GRID grid.439553.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0394 2634, Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust, ; Kent, UK

[37 ]GRID grid.464540.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0469 4759, The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, ; West Midlands, UK

[38 ]GRID grid.439624.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0467 7828, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, ; Stevenage, UK

[39 ]GRID grid.439642.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0489 3782, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Blackburn, UK

[40 ]Glangwili Hospital, Carmarthen, UK

[41 ]GRID grid.420468.c, Great Ormond Street Hospital, ; London, UK

[42 ]GRID grid.440177.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0470 0565, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Swindon, UK

[43 ]GRID grid.420545.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0489 3985, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[44 ]GRID grid.440199.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0476 7073, The Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Uxbridge, UK

[45 ]GRID grid.439591.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0399 2770, Homerton University Hospital Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[46 ]GRID grid.9481.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0412 8669, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Hull, UK

[47 ]GRID grid.417895.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0693 2181, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, ; London, UK

[48 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, Faculty of Medicine, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK

[49 ]GRID grid.507530.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0406 4327, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Great Yarmouth, UK

[50 ]GRID grid.415192.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0400 5589, Kettering General Hospital, ; Kettering, UK

[51 ]GRID grid.429705.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0489 4320, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[52 ]GRID grid.429705.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0489 4320, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (Paediatric), ; London, UK

[53 ]GRID grid.415352.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 4726, King’s Mill Hospital, ; Nottinghamshire, UK

[54 ]GRID grid.10025.36, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8470, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Liverpool, UK

[55 ]GRID grid.439803.5, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, ; London, UK

[56 ]GRID grid.439813.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8822 7920, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, ; Tunbridge Wells, UK

[57 ]GRID grid.498924.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0430 9101, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, ; Manchester, UK

[58 ]GRID grid.439224.a, ISNI 0000 0001 0372 5769, The Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Wakefield, UK

[59 ]GRID grid.415667.7, Milton Keynes University Hospital, ; Milton Keynes, UK

[60 ]GRID grid.420004.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 2244, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Newcastle, UK

[61 ]GRID grid.416266.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9009 9462, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, ; Dundee, UK

[62 ]GRID grid.240367.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0445 7876, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Norwich, UK

[63 ]GRID grid.418484.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0380 7221, North Bristol NHS Trust, ; Bristol, UK

[64 ]GRID grid.416512.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0402 1394, North Tyneside General Hospital, ; North Shields, UK

[65 ]GRID grid.240404.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0440 1889, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Nottingham, UK

[66 ]GRID grid.437504.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9032 4308, The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Manchester, UK

[67 ]GRID grid.418709.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0456 1761, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Portsmouth, UK

[68 ]GRID grid.470208.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0415 9545, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Kings Lynn NHS Trust, ; Kings Lynn, UK

[69 ]GRID grid.511123.5, ISNI 0000 0004 5988 7216, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, ; Glasgow, UK

[70 ]GRID grid.419297.0, ISNI 0000 0000 8487 8355, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, ; Reading, UK

[71 ]GRID grid.451052.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0581 2008, University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, ; Dorset, UK

[72 ]GRID grid.412944.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0474 4488, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Cornwall, UK

[73 ]GRID grid.419309.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0495 6261, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, ; Exeter, UK

[74 ]GRID grid.437485.9, ISNI 0000 0001 0439 3380, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[75 ]GRID grid.414348.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0649 0178, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, ; Pontyclun, UK

[76 ]GRID grid.461312.3, ISNI 0000 0000 9616 5600, Royal Gwent Hospital, ; Newport, UK

[77 ]GRID grid.416128.8, ISNI 0000 0000 9300 7922, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, ; Winchester, UK

[78 ]GRID grid.496757.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0624 7987, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, ; Edinburgh, UK

[79 ]GRID grid.415910.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0235 2382, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, ; Manchester, UK

[80 ]GRID grid.416224.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 0648, Royal Surrey County Hospital, ; Surrey, UK

[81 ]GRID grid.413029.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0374 2907, Royal United Hospitals Bath, ; Bath, UK

[82 ]GRID grid.439674.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9830 7596, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, ; Wolverhampton, UK

[83 ]GRID grid.412346.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0237 2025, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, ; Salford, UK

[84 ]GRID grid.416642.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0417 0779, Salisbury District Hospital, ; Salisbury, UK

[85 ]Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK

[86 ]GRID grid.31410.37, ISNI 0000 0000 9422 8284, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Sheffield, UK

[87 ]GRID grid.439417.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0472 4225, Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, ; Shrewsbury, UK

[88 ]GRID grid.415947.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0649 0274, Singleton Hospital, ; Swansea, UK

[89 ]GRID grid.500936.9, ISNI 0000 0000 8621 4130, Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, ; Taunton, UK

[90 ]GRID grid.440194.c, ISNI 0000 0004 4647 6776, South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Middlesbrough, UK

[91 ]GRID grid.440512.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0484 266X, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ; Essex, UK

[92 ]GRID grid.451349.e, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[93 ]GRID grid.451349.e, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (Paediatric), ; London, UK

[94 ]GRID grid.443984.6, ISNI 0000 0000 8813 7132, St James’s University Hospital, ; Leeds, UK

[95 ]GRID grid.439622.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0469 2913, Stockport NHS Foundation Trust, ; Stockport, UK

[96 ]GRID grid.439641.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0458 0698, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, ; Surrey, UK

[97 ]GRID grid.507528.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0494 3807, Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, ; Greater Manchester, UK

[98 ]GRID grid.439442.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0474 1025, Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, ; Torquay, UK

[99 ]GRID grid.412563.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0376 6589, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, ; Birmingham, UK

[100 ]GRID grid.410421.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0380 7336, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, ; Bristol, UK

[101 ]GRID grid.508499.9, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, ; Derby, UK

[102 ]GRID grid.269014.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0435 9078, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, ; Leicester, UK

[103 ]GRID grid.418670.c, ISNI 0000 0001 0575 1952, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, ; Plymouth, UK

[104 ]GRID grid.433807.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0642 1066, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Lincoln, UK

[105 ]GRID grid.52996.31, ISNI 0000 0000 8937 2257, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; London, UK

[106 ]GRID grid.416025.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0648 9396, University Hospital Llandough, ; Penarth, UK

[107 ]GRID grid.430506.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0465 4079, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, ; Southampton, UK

[108 ]GRID grid.241103.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0169 7725, University Hospital of Wales (Paediatrics), ; Cardiff, UK

[109 ]GRID grid.8391.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8024, Exeter NIHR Clinical Research Facility, , University of Exeter, ; Exeter, UK

[110 ]GRID grid.439697.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0483 1442, West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Hertfordshire, UK

[111 ]GRID grid.461588.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0399 2500, West Middlesex University Hospital, ; London, UK

[112 ]GRID grid.440202.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0575 1944, West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, ; Ipswich, UK

[113 ]GRID grid.417068.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0624 9907, Western General Hospital, ; Edinburgh, UK

[114 ]GRID grid.417148.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0649 0039, Withybush General Hospital, ; Haverfordwest, UK

[115 ]GRID grid.440204.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0487 0310, Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ; Yeovil, UK

[116 ]GRID grid.439905.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9626 5193, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, ; York, UK

[117 ]GRID grid.437505.0, Ysbyty Gwynedd, ; Bangor, UK

Author information

Simeng Lin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-4879

Nicholas A. Kennedy http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-1961

Aamir Saifuddin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-5556

Diana Muñoz Sandoval http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-3989

Neil Chanchlani http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0207-6706

Claire Bewshea http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-9587

Shaji Sebastian http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-6545

Laura Constable http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1043-9888

Christopher A. Lamb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-4956

Charlie W. Lees http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0732-8215

Rosemary J. Boyton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5608-0797

James R. Goodhand http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-376X

Tariq Ahmad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-5528

Article

Publisher ID: 28517

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28517-z

PMC ID: 8927425

PubMed ID: 35296643

SO-VID: aca07623-ea9d-449e-bae1-ba780282995e

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 30 September 2021

Date accepted : 26 January 2022

Funding

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100009745, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust (Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust);

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100004337, Roche (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd);

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100010780, Celltrion Healthcare;

Funded by: NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Hull University Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, UKRI (MR/V036939/1), Biogen GmbH (Switzerland), Takeda (UK), and Galapagos NV (Belgium).

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: vaccines,inflammatory bowel disease,humoral immunity,sars-cov-2

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: vaccines, inflammatory bowel disease, humoral immunity, sars-cov-2

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Antibody decay, T cell immunity and breakthrough infections following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab and vedolizumab

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Most cited references 31

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