Characteristic of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Based on TOAST Classification During COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Single Centre Study

Abstract

Introduction

The categorization system used in the Trial Org 10172 classification in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) provided more insight into the causal process. The aims of this study were to characterize individuals with acute ischemic stroke using the TOAST criteria and to determine risk variables for patients with acute ischemic stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was done on the medical records of acute ischemic stroke patients at Hasan Sadikin Hospital (RSHS) Bandung, Indonesia, who were hospitalized in the Neurology Department of Hasan Sadikin Hospital from January to December 2021. Eligible patients were divided into 2 groups, with and without COVID-19 infection.

Results

There were 136 participants with acute ischemic stroke. Thirty-one percent of strokes were caused by atherosclerosis in the large arteries (LAA), followed by small-vessel occlusion (SVO) (25%), cardioembolism (CE) (22.1%), an undetermined cause (21.3%), and an other etiology (1.5%). CE risk factor was atrial fibrillation (p < 0.001), while hypertension, diabetes, and smoking were significant for LAA (p < 0.05). However, in patients with COVID-19 who had an acute ischemic stroke, most of the subtypes were stroke of undetermined etiology (76%), and hypercoagulation was the main risk factor (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with and without COVID-19 show varied distributions of stroke subtypes according to the TOAST categorization. Hypercoagulation is a major risk factor for stroke of undetermined etiology in individuals with COVID-19 who suffer from acute ischemic stroke. Increased viral-mediated endothelial inflammation leading to aberrant coagulopathy may explain the correlation between COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke.