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      Comparación de diferentes formulaciones de estradiol y de progesterona en un protocolo de sincronización de celos en vacas Holando en lactancia en un sistema pastoril; perfiles hormonales y respuesta ovárica Translated title: Comparison of different estradiol and progesterone formulations in an estrus synchronization protocol in lactating Holstein cows in a pasture-based system; hormonal profiles and ovarian response

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          Abstract

          Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar tres formulaciones de estradiol (E2) [5 mg de 17β (E17), 1 mg de benzoato (EB) y 1 mg de cipionato (ECP)] y dos presentaciones de la progesterona (P4) - dispositivo intravaginal (DIV) con 558 mg de P4 y 200 mg de P4 parenteral (MAD-4) - en un protocolo de sincronización de la ovulación. Se seleccionaron 30 vacas Holando en ordeñe que fueron presincronizadas con una combinación de GnRH y prostaglandina (PG) administradas con siete días de intervalo y que manifestaron celo en el mismo día; a los 10 días de éste se formaron 6 grupos (n=5 c/u): 1) DIV + EB: día 0: DIV + EB; Día 8: PG y retiro del DIV; Día 9: EB. 2) DIV + E17: día 0: DIV + E17; Día 8: PG y retiro del DIV; Día 9: E17. 3) DIV + ECP: día 0: DIV + ECP; Día 8: PG y retiro del DIV + ECP. 4) MAD-4 + EB: día 0: MAD-4 + EB; Día 8: PG; Día 9: EB. 5) MAD-4 + E17: día 0: MAD-4 + E17; Día 8: PG; Día 9: E17. 6) MAD-4 + ECP: día 0: MAD-4 + ECP; Día 8: PG + ECP. La respuesta fue evaluada por los niveles plasmáticos de E2, P4 y ecografía ovárica. Las concentraciones máximas de P4 se registraron una hora después del tratamiento (7,3±0,7 ng/mL DIV y 16,1±0,7 ng/mL MAD-4; P<0,0001); seis horas más tarde se redujeron a 5,7±0,7 ng/mL DIV y 11,2±0,7 ng/mL MAD-4 respectivamente (P<0.0001). Las concentraciones de E2 alcanzaron un máximo 4 horas después del tratamiento para grupos E17 y EB y 28 h después del tratamiento para grupos de ECP. Las concentraciones máximas fueron E17: 641,5±11,5 pg/mL, EB: 166,5±11,5 pg/mL y ECP: 45,6±10,9 pg/mL (P<0,0001). E2 volvió a los niveles iniciales 40 horas más tarde en grupos E17 y EB y 80 horas en grupos de ECP. Los diámetros foliculares en el día 8, fueron 14,9±1,4 y 14,4±1,3 mm para las vacas EB y E17 y 10,9±1,4 para los animales ECP (P<0,05). La ovulación ocurrió más temprano en los grupos EB y el porcentaje de vacas ovulando fue 88,9% en E17, 66,7% en EB y 30,0% en ECP (P<0,05).

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The objective was to evaluate three estradiol (E2) formulations [5 mg of 17β (E17), 1 mg of benzoate (EB) and 1 mg of cypionate (ECP)] and two presentations of progesterone (P4) - intravaginal device (DIV) with 558 mg of P4 200 mg of P4 parenteral (MAD-4) - in an ovulation synchronization protocol. Thirty lactating Holstein cows were presynchronized with a combination of GnRH and Prostaglandin (PG) given seven days apart and responding with a standing heat on the same day were selected; 10 days 6 groups were formed (n=5 each): 1) DIV+EB: Day 0: DIV + EB; Day 8: PG and DIV withdraw; Day 9: EB. 2) DIV+E17: Day 0: DIV + E17; Day 8: PG and DIV withdraw; Day 9: E17. 3) DIV+ECP: Day 0: DIV + ECP; Day 8: PG, DIV withdraw + ECP. 4) MAD-4+EB: Day 0: MAD-4 + EB; Day 8: PG; Day 9: EB. 5) MAD-4 + E17: Day 0: MAD-4 + E17; Day 8: PG; Day 9: E17. 6) MAD-4 + ECP: Day 0: MAD-4 + ECP; Day 8: PG + ECP. The response was evaluated by plasma levels of E2 and P4 and ovarian ultrasonography. The maximum average P4 concentrations were reached one hour after the treatment (7.3±0.7 ng/mL DIV and 16.1±0.7 ng/mL MAD-4; P<0.0001); six hours later were reduced to 11.2±0.7 ng/mL DIV and 5.7±0.7 ng/mL MAD-4 respectively (P<0.0001). E2 concentrations reached a maximum 4 hours after treatment for E17 and EB groups and 28 h after treatment for ECP groups. Maximum average concentrations were E17: 641.5±11.5 pg/mL, EB: 166.5±11.5 pg/mL and ECP: 45.6±10.9 pg/mL (P<0.0001). E2 returned to baseline levels 40 hours later in E17 and EB groups and 80 hours in ECP groups. The average follicular diameters at the Day 8 were 14.9±1.4 and 14.4±1.3 mm for the EB and E17 cows and 10.9±1.4 for the ECP animals (P<0.05). Ovulation occurred earlier in E17 and was 88.9% in EB, 66.7% in E17 and 30.0% to ECP (P<0.05).

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          Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: where will it end?

          M Lucy (2001)
          The dairy industry in the United States has changed dramatically in the last decade. Milk production per cow has increased steadily because of a combination of improved management, better nutrition, and intense genetic selection. Dairy farms are larger, and nearly 30% of the dairy cows in the United States are on farms with 500 or more cows. The shift toward more productive cows and larger herds is associated with a decrease in reproductive efficiency. Cows with the greatest milk production have the highest incidence of infertility, but epidemiological studies suggest that, in addition to milk production, other factors are probably decreasing reproductive efficiency in our dairy herds. The reproductive physiology of dairy cows has changed over the past 50 yr, and physiological adaptations to high milk production may explain part of the reproductive decline. Critical areas for new research include control of the estrous cycle, metabolic effects of lactation on reproduction, mechanisms linking disease to reproduction, and early embryonic mortality. Solving reproductive loss in dairy cows will not be easy because only a small number of research groups study reproduction in postpartum dairy cows. Therefore, the present research base will need to be expanded. For this to occur, research funding must be increased above its current level and a renewed emphasis must be placed on solving the emerging crisis of infertility in dairy cows.
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            Recent advances in the synchronization of estrus and ovulation in dairy cows.

            Synchronization programs have become standard components in the current breeding management of cows in the dairy herds of most dairy industries. Many are based on protocols that allow timed inseminations (TAI) so as to circumvent the practical difficulties associated with estrus detection. These difficulties are exacerbated in modern herds of high producing cows either because of increasing herd size in which individual animal monitoring is difficult and often subjective, or because small intensively managed herds are milked in robotic systems that minimize animal: staff interactions. Additional reasons arise from high producing cows having less obvious symptoms of estrus, partly because of housing systems combined with intensive feeding and milking, partly because of higher metabolic clearance rates of reproductive hormones like estradiol and partly because of the increasing prevalence of prolonged post-partum anestrus and reproductive tract pathology. The most recently developed programs include protocols for resynchronization following first or subsequent inseminations. These re-synchronization protocols may involve selected forms of hormonal intervention during the diestrous and pro-estrous periods following TAI, or following pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasound from 28 days after TAI. The latter form of re-synchronization has become increasingly important with the recognition that late embryonic/early foetal death has become a major factor compromising the reproductive performance of high producing Holstein cows in many dairy industries. Although cows detected in estrus without any hormonal treatment before insemination have higher conception rates than those inseminated following synchronization and TAI, the low detection rates combined with embryonic death means that intervals from calving to conception (days open) are usually less when synchronization programs have been successfully implemented. One of the significant factors affecting a program's success is the compliance rate that may sometimes be less than 70%. Almost all programs involve strategically timed injections of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Injections of an estradiol ester and progesterone supplementation per vaginum may be included in some programs. The basic program is the "Ovsynch" regimen. Numerous variations have been tested and developed. Many involve increasingly complex protocols that increase the risk of non-compliance, none has consistently achieved conception rates that exceed 40% and few have reduced the incidence of embryonic death. These synchronization programs are the best that are currently available. They have not been able to overcome the consequences of lowered fertility associated with high levels of milk yield, forms of nutrition and environmental factors like heat stress that have profound effects on the physiology and metabolism of the high producing dairy cow.
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              Endometrial mRNA expression of oestrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) throughout the bovine oestrous cycle.

              This study characterized endometrial expression of mRNAs of oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during the oestrous cycle. Seven Holstein heifers that showed standing oestrus on the same day (day 0) were selected and blood samples for oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) determinations by RIA were taken daily until day 23. Endometrial samples were taken by transcervical biopsies on days 0, 5, 12 and 19 for mRNA determination by solution hybridization. The highest endometrial mRNA levels of ERalpha and PR were observed at oestrus and a decline was observed already at day 5, which then decreased progressively at the end of the luteal phase. IGF-I mRNA levels were higher at day 0 and 5 than at day 12. At day 19, mRNA levels of ERalpha, PR and IGF-I were the lowest in heifers that were at the end of their luteal phase (n=4), but were high again in heifers which P4 levels were basal (n=3). The temporal changes in mRNA endometrial expression of ERalpha, PR and IGF-I and their relation to the changes in steroid concentrations during the bovine oestrus cycle are described.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                vet
                Veterinaria (Montevideo)
                Veterinaria (Montev.)
                Sociedad de Medicina Veterinaria del Uruguay
                1688-4809
                May 2015
                : 51
                : 197
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                [2 ] Ejercicio liberal Uruguay
                [3 ] Universidad de la República Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-48092015000100003
                aba58725-3729-4b5d-906f-6f6628cdf210

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-4809&lng=en
                Categories
                VETERINARY SCIENCES

                General veterinary medicine
                dairy cows,estrus synchronization,ovulation,estradiol,progesterone,vacas lecheras,sincronización de celo,ovulación,progesterona

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