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      The β 2-Adrenergic Receptor Is a Molecular Switch for Neuroendocrine Transdifferentiation of Prostate Cancer Cells

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d6560994e257">The incidence of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is rising as more potent drugs targeting the androgen signaling axis are clinically implemented. Neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NEtD), an putative initial step in t-NEPC development, is induced by androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) or anti-androgens, and by activation of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) in prostate cancer cell lines. Thus, understanding whether ADRB2 is involved in ADT-initiated NEtD may assist in developing treatment strategies that can prevent or reverse t-NEPC emergence, thereby prolonging therapeutic responses. Here we found that in primary, treatment-naïve prostate cancers, ADRB2 mRNA was positively correlated with expression of luminal differentiation markers, and ADRB2 protein levels were inversely correlated with Gleason grade. ADRB2 mRNA was upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer, and progressively downregulated during ADT and t-NEPC emergence. In androgen-deprivated medium, high ADRB2 was required for LNCaP cells to undergo NEtD, measured as increased neurite outgrowth and expression of neuron differentiation and neuroendocrine genes. ADRB2 overexpression induced a neuroendocrine-like morphology in both androgen receptor (AR)-positive and -negative prostate cancer cell lines. ADRB2 downregulation in LNCaP cells increased canonical Wnt signaling, and GSK3α/β inhibition reduced the expression of neuron differentiation and neuroendocrine genes. In LNCaP xenografts, more pronounced castration-induced NEtD was observed in tumors derived from high than low ADRB2 cells. In conclusion, high ADRB2 expression is required for ADT-induced NEtD, characterized by ADRB2 downregulation and t-NEPC emergence. IMPLICATIONS: This data suggest a potential application of β-blockers to prevent cancer cells committed to a neuroendocrine lineage from evolving into t-NEPC. </p>

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          Contributors
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          Journal
          Molecular Cancer Research
          Mol Cancer Res
          American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
          1541-7786
          1557-3125
          November 01 2019
          November 2019
          November 2019
          August 08 2019
          : 17
          : 11
          : 2154-2168
          Article
          10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-18-0605
          31395667
          ab9b44f9-a4da-4d3f-a064-ddd212d68d2c
          © 2019
          History

          Quantitative & Systems biology,Biophysics
          Quantitative & Systems biology, Biophysics

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