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      Engineering Improved Photosynthesis in the Era of Synthetic Biology

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          Abstract

          Much attention has been given to the enhancement of photosynthesis as a strategy for the optimization of crop productivity. As traditional plant breeding is most likely reaching a plateau, there is a timely need to accelerate improvements in photosynthetic efficiency by means of novel tools and biotechnological solutions. The emerging field of synthetic biology offers the potential for building completely novel pathways in predictable directions and, thus, addresses the global requirements for higher yields expected to occur in the 21st century. Here, we discuss recent advances and current challenges of engineering improved photosynthesis in the era of synthetic biology toward optimized utilization of solar energy and carbon sources to optimize the production of food, fiber, and fuel.

          Abstract

          This review summarizes the progress in the emerging field of synthetic biology applied to photosynthesis. The authors also discuss recent strategies used for manipulating photosynthetic efficiency and their potential biotechnological applications.

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          CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing and Precision Plant Breeding in Agriculture

          Kunling Chen, Yanpeng Wang, Rui Zhang … (2019)
          Enhanced agricultural production through innovative breeding technology is urgently needed to increase access to nutritious foods worldwide. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas genome editing enable efficient targeted modification in most crops, thus promising to accelerate crop improvement. Here, we review advances in CRISPR/Cas9 and its variants and examine their applications in plant genome editing and related manipulations. We highlight base-editing tools that enable targeted nucleotide substitutions and describe the various delivery systems, particularly DNA-free methods, that have linked genome editing with crop breeding. We summarize the applications of genome editing for trait improvement, development of techniques for fine-tuning gene regulation, strategies for breeding virus resistance, and the use of high-throughput mutant libraries. We outline future perspectives for genome editing in plant synthetic biology and domestication, advances in delivery systems, editing specificity, homology-directed repair, and gene drives. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for precision plant breeding and its bright future in agriculture.
          Article 0 comments Cited 480 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield.

            Xin-Guang Zhu, Stephen P Long, Donald Ort (2010)
            Increasing the yield potential of the major food grain crops has contributed very significantly to a rising food supply over the past 50 years, which has until recently more than kept pace with rising global demand. Whereas improved photosynthetic efficiency has played only a minor role in the remarkable increases in productivity achieved in the last half century, further increases in yield potential will rely in large part on improved photosynthesis. Here we examine inefficiencies in photosynthetic energy transduction in crops from light interception to carbohydrate synthesis, and how classical breeding, systems biology, and synthetic biology are providing new opportunities to develop more productive germplasm. Near-term opportunities include improving the display of leaves in crop canopies to avoid light saturation of individual leaves and further investigation of a photorespiratory bypass that has already improved the productivity of model species. Longer-term opportunities include engineering into plants carboxylases that are better adapted to current and forthcoming CO(2) concentrations, and the use of modeling to guide molecular optimization of resource investment among the components of the photosynthetic apparatus, to maximize carbon gain without increasing crop inputs. Collectively, these changes have the potential to more than double the yield potential of our major crops.
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              Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies and recognizing the potential for improvement.

              Robert Blankenship, David M Tiede, James Barber … (2011)
              Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies is not a simple issue. Although both processes harvest the energy in sunlight, they operate in distinctly different ways and produce different types of products: biomass or chemical fuels in the case of natural photosynthesis and nonstored electrical current in the case of photovoltaics. In order to find common ground for evaluating energy-conversion efficiency, we compare natural photosynthesis with present technologies for photovoltaic-driven electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Photovoltaic-driven electrolysis is the more efficient process when measured on an annual basis, yet short-term yields for photosynthetic conversion under optimal conditions come within a factor of 2 or 3 of the photovoltaic benchmark. We consider opportunities in which the frontiers of synthetic biology might be used to enhance natural photosynthesis for improved solar energy conversion efficiency.
              Article 0 comments Cited 410 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wagner L. Araújo
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plant Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plant Commun
                Title: Plant Communications
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2590-3462
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 February 2020
                Publication date Collection: 09 March 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 February 2020
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100032
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author wlaraujo@ 123456ufv.br
                [2]

                These authors contributed equally to this article.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2590-3462(20)30013-4 Publisher ID: 100032
                DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100032
                PMC ID: 7747996
                PubMed ID: 33367233
                SO-VID: ab7db857-8698-4dc3-bb6d-53cb6bba182f
                Copyright © © 2020 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 9 December 2019
                Date revision received : 20 January 2020
                Date accepted : 8 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: photosynthesis,synthetic biology,genetic engineering,yield improvement,targeted manipulation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: photosynthesis, synthetic biology, genetic engineering, yield improvement, targeted manipulation

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