Relapse prevention with antipsychotic drugs compared with placebo in patients with
schizophrenia has not been sufficiently addressed by previous systematic reviews.
We aimed to assess the association between such drugs and various outcomes in patients
with schizophrenia to resolve controversial issues.
We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's specialised register for reports published
before Nov 11, 2008; and PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for those before June
8, 2011. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies and searched the reference lists
of included studies and previous reviews. Randomised trials of patients with schizophrenia
continued on or withdrawn from any antipsychotic drug regimen after stabilisation
were eligible. Our primary outcome was relapse between 7 and 12 months. We also examined
safety and various functional outcomes. We used the random effects model and verified
results for the primary outcome with a fixed effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated
with subgroup and meta-regression analyses.
We identified 116 suitable reports from 65 trials, with data for 6493 patients. Antipsychotic
drugs significantly reduced relapse rates at 1 year (drugs 27%vs placebo 64%; risk
ratio [RR] 0·40, 95% CI 0·33-0·49; number needed to treat to benefit [NNTB] 3, 95%
CI 2-3). Fewer patients given antipsychotic drugs than placebo were readmitted (10%vs
26%; RR 0·38, 95% CI 0·27-0·55; NNTB 5, 4-9), but less than a third of relapsed patients
had to be admitted. Limited evidence suggested better quality of life (standardised
mean difference -0·62, 95% CI -1·15 to -0·09) and fewer aggressive acts (2%vs 12%;
RR 0·27, 95% CI 0·15-0·52; NNTB 11, 6-100) with antipsychotic drugs than with placebo.
Employment data were scarce and too few deaths were reported to allow significant
differences to be identified. More patients given antipsychotic drugs than placebo
gained weight (10%vs 6%; RR 2·07, 95% CI 2·31-3·25), had movement disorders (16%vs
9%; 1·55, 1·25-1·93), and experienced sedation (13%vs 9%; 1·50, 1·22-1·84). Substantial
heterogeneity in size of effect was recorded. In subgroup analyses, number of episodes,
whether patients were in remission, abrupt or gradual withdrawal of treatment, length
of stability before trial entry, first-generation or second-generation drugs, and
allocation concealment method did not significantly affect relapse risk. Depot preparations
reduced relapse (RR 0·31, 95% CI 0·21-0·41) more than did oral drugs (0·46, 0·37-0·57;
p=0·03); depot haloperidol (RR 0·14, 95% CI 0·04-0·55) and fluphenazine (0·23, 0·14-0·39)
had the greatest effects. The effects of antipsychotic drugs were greater in two unblinded
trials (0·26, 0·17-0·39) than in most blinded studies (0·42, 0·35-0·51; p= 0·03).
In a meta-regression, the difference between drug and placebo decreased with study
length.
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs benefits patients with schizophrenia.
The advantages of these drugs must be weighed against their side-effects. Future studies
should focus on outcomes of social participation and clarify the long-term morbidity
and mortality of these drugs.
German Ministry of Education and Research.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.