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      Effects of the fenugreek extracts on high‐fat diet‐fed and streptozotocin‐induced type 2 diabetic mice

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          Abstract

          Background

          To study the antidiabetic effects and mechanisms of the fenugreek extracts in streptozotocin ( STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetic (T2 DM) mice fed a high‐fat diet ( HFD).

          Methods

          We established C57 BL/6J mice model of T2 DM using HFD‐fed and STZ‐induced method. Then, the mice were administered with two types of fenugreek extracts (E1, flavonoid and E2, stilbene glycoside) for 4 weeks and the effects on fasting blood glucose ( FBG), weight, superoxide dismutase ( SOD), catalase ( CAT), malondialdehyde ( MDA), and pathological indexes were investigated.

          Results

          Administration of fenugreek extracts decreased the FBG level compared with that of the model group. Comparatively, the high‐dose E2 decreased the FBG more significantly than the other treatments did. Both extracts showed an obvious antioxidant effect by increasing serum SOD and CAT activities and decreasing the MDA content. Furthermore, the high‐dose E1 showed a significant difference ( P < .01) compared with the model group in the three investigated indexes.

          Conclusion

          Our study demonstrated that both the flavonoid and stilbene glycoside extracts of fenugreek improved the hyperglycemia in the T2 DM mice model. Moreover, the antidiabetic effects of both extracts might be due to their antioxidant activity in vivo.

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          Most cited references24

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          Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia.

          Kun-Ho Yoon, Jin-Hee Lee, Ji-Won Kim … (2006)
          The proportions of people with type 2 diabetes and obesity have increased throughout Asia, and the rate of increase shows no sign of slowing. People in Asia tend to develop diabetes with a lesser degree of obesity at younger ages, suffer longer with complications of diabetes, and die sooner than people in other regions. Childhood obesity has increased substantially and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has now reached epidemic levels in Asia. The health consequences of this epidemic threaten to overwhelm health-care systems in the region. Urgent action is needed, and advocacy for lifestyle changes is the first step. Countries should review and implement interventions, and take a comprehensive and integrated public-health approach. At the level of primary prevention, such programmes can be linked to other non-communicable disease prevention programmes that target lifestyle-related issues. The cost of inaction is clear and unacceptable.
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            Diet-induced type II diabetes in C57BL/6J mice.

            Richard Surwit, Cynthia M. Kuhn, Christina Cochrane … (1988)
            We investigated the effects of diet-induced obesity on glucose metabolism in two strains of mice, C57BL/6J and A/J. Twenty animals from each strain received ad libitum exposure to a high-fat high-simple-carbohydrate diet or standard Purina Rodent Chow for 6 mo. Exposure to the high-fat, high-simple-carbohydrate, low-fiber diet produced obesity in both A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Whereas obesity was associated with only moderate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in A/J mice, obese C57BL/6J mice showed clear-cut diabetes with fasting blood glucose levels of greater than 240 mg/dl and blood insulin levels of greater than 150 microU/ml. C57BL/6J mice showed larger glycemic responses to stress and epinephrine in the lean state than AJ mice, and these responses were exaggerated by obesity. These data suggest that the C57BL/6J mouse carries a genetic predisposition to develop non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. Furthermore, altered glycemic response to adrenergic stimulation may be a biologic marker for this genetic predisposition to develop type II diabetes.
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              U.K. prospective diabetes study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group.

              UK Prospective Diabetes (1995)
              The objective of the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study is to determine whether improved blood glucose control in type II diabetes will prevent the complications of diabetes and whether any specific therapy is advantageous or disadvantageous. The study will report in 1998, when the median duration from randomization will be 11 years. This report is on the efficacy of therapy over 6 years of follow-up and the overall incidence of diabetic complications. Subjects comprised 4,209 newly diagnosed type II diabetic patients who after 3 months' diet were asymptomatic and had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 6.0-15.0 mmol/l. The study consists of a randomized controlled trial with two main comparisons: 1) 3,867 patients with 1,138 allocated to conventional therapy, primarily with diet, and 2,729 allocated to intensive therapy with additional sulfonylurea or insulin, which increase insulin supply, aiming for FPG < 6 mmol/l; and 2) 753 obese patients with 411 allocated to conventional therapy and 342 allocated to intensive therapy with metformin, which enhances insulin sensitivity. In the first comparison, in 2,287 subjects studied for 6 years, intensive therapy with sulfonylurea and insulin similarly improved glucose control compared with conventional therapy, with median FPG at 1 year of 6.8 and 8.2 mmol/l, respectively (P < 0.0001). and median HbA1c of 6.1 and 6.8%, respectively (P < 0.0001). During the next 5 years, the FPG increased progressively on all therapies (P < 0.0001) with medians at 6 years in the conventional and intensive groups, FPG 9.5 and 7.8 mmol/l, and HbA1c 8.0 and 7.1%, respectively. The glycemic deterioration was associated with progressive loss of beta-cell function. In the second comparison, in 548 obese subjects studied for 6 years, metformin improved glucose control similarly to intensive therapy with sulfonylurea or insulin. Metformin did not increase body weight or increase the incidence of hypoglycemia to the same extent as therapy with sulfonylurea or insulin. A high incidence of clinical complications occurred by 6-year follow-up. Of all subjects, 18.0% had suffered one or more diabetes-related clinical endpoints, with 12.1% having a macrovascular and 5.7% a microvascular endpoint. Sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin therapies were similarly effective in improving glucose control compared with a policy of diet therapy. The study is examining whether the continued improved glucose control, obtained by intensive therapy compared with conventional therapy (median over 6 years HbA1c 6.6% compared with 7.4%), will be clinically advantageous in maintaining health.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xuan‐cheng Lu: luxc@chinacdc.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Animal Model Exp Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Animal Model Exp Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2576-2095
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AME2
                Title: Animal Models and Experimental Medicine
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 2096-5451
                ISSN (Electronic): 2576-2095
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2018
                Publication date Collection: March 2018
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.1002/ame2.2018.1.issue-1 )
                Pages: 68-73
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Laboratory Animal Center Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention Beijing China
                [ 2 ] The State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining China
                [ 3 ] The Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging College of Life Sciences Yantai University Yantai China
                [ 4 ] The College of Pharmacy Qinghai Nationalities University Xining China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Xuan‐cheng Lu, Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.

                Email: luxc@ 123456chinacdc.cn

                Article
                Publisher ID: AME212004
                DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12004
                PMC ID: 6357430
                SO-VID: aad20554-a130-4618-bad2-7ee17008305c
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2018
                Date accepted : 22 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 6, Words: 4335
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 31470426
                Funded by: Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture
                Award ID: 2016‐KF‐05
                Funded by: Qinghai Provincial Science Foundation
                Award ID: 2016‐ZJ‐01
                Award ID: 2016‐ZJ‐929Q
                Funded by: Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province
                Award ID: tshw201502046
                Funded by: Shandong Provincial Science Foundation
                Award ID: ZR2017MH024
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id ame212004
                cover-date March 2018
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.0 mode:remove_FC converted:25.02.2019

                Keywords: c57bl/6j mice,diabetes mellitus,fenugreek,hyperglycemia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: c57bl/6j mice, diabetes mellitus, fenugreek, hyperglycemia

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