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      Linking Landscape Connectivity and Ecosystem Service Provision: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps

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      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Ecosystems
      Publisher: Springer Nature

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          Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services.

          Patricia Balvanera, Andrea B Pfisterer, Nina Buchmann … (2006)
          Concern is growing about the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning, for the provision of ecosystem services, and for human well being. Experimental evidence for a relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem process rates is compelling, but the issue remains contentious. Here, we present the first rigorous quantitative assessment of this relationship through meta-analysis of experimental work spanning 50 years to June 2004. We analysed 446 measures of biodiversity effects (252 in grasslands), 319 of which involved primary producer manipulations or measurements. Our analyses show that: biodiversity effects are weaker if biodiversity manipulations are less well controlled; effects of biodiversity change on processes are weaker at the ecosystem compared with the community level and are negative at the population level; productivity-related effects decline with increasing number of trophic links between those elements manipulated and those measured; biodiversity effects on stability measures ('insurance' effects) are not stronger than biodiversity effects on performance measures. For those ecosystem services which could be assessed here, there is clear evidence that biodiversity has positive effects on most. Whilst such patterns should be further confirmed, a precautionary approach to biodiversity management would seem prudent in the meantime.
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            Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis

            Joern Fischer, David Lindenmayer (2007)
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              High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services.

              Forest Isbell, Vincent Calcagno, Andy Hector … (2011)
              Biodiversity is rapidly declining worldwide, and there is consensus that this can decrease ecosystem functioning and services. It remains unclear, though, whether few or many of the species in an ecosystem are needed to sustain the provisioning of ecosystem services. It has been hypothesized that most species would promote ecosystem services if many times, places, functions and environmental changes were considered; however, no previous study has considered all of these factors together. Here we show that 84% of the 147 grassland plant species studied in 17 biodiversity experiments promoted ecosystem functioning at least once. Different species promoted ecosystem functioning during different years, at different places, for different functions and under different environmental change scenarios. Furthermore, the species needed to provide one function during multiple years were not the same as those needed to provide multiple functions within one year. Our results indicate that even more species will be needed to maintain ecosystem functioning and services than previously suggested by studies that have either (1) considered only the number of species needed to promote one function under one set of environmental conditions, or (2) separately considered the importance of biodiversity for providing ecosystem functioning across multiple years, places, functions or environmental change scenarios. Therefore, although species may appear functionally redundant when one function is considered under one set of environmental conditions, many species are needed to maintain multiple functions at multiple times and places in a changing world.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Ecosystems
                Abbreviated Title: Ecosystems
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 1432-9840
                ISSN (Electronic): 1435-0629
                Publication date Created: August 2013
                Publication date (Print): February 2013
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 894-908
                Article
                DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9647-2
                SO-VID: aaab9104-8f41-4a64-871e-277182338928
                Copyright © © 2013
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