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      PCAT-1: A Novel Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA in Human Cancers

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          Abstract

          Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides (nts) without obvious protein coding potential. lncRNAs act as multiple roles in biological processes of diseases, especially carcinomas. Prostate cancer associated transcript-1 (PCAT-1) is an oncogenic lncRNA that identified by RNA-Sequence in prostate cancer. High expression of PCAT-1 is observed in different types of cancers, including prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular cancer and gastric cancer. High expressed PCAT-1 is correlated with poor overall survival. Furthermore, PCAT-1 regulates cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Additionally, PCAT-1 is involved in EMT and Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathway. In this review, we focus on the implication of PCAT-1 in human cancers.

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          Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.

          Jean Paul Thiery, Hervé Acloque, Ruby Y J Huang … (2009)
          The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs. EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it can adversely cause organ fibrosis and promote carcinoma progression through a variety of mechanisms. EMT endows cells with migratory and invasive properties, induces stem cell properties, prevents apoptosis and senescence, and contributes to immunosuppression. Thus, the mesenchymal state is associated with the capacity of cells to migrate to distant organs and maintain stemness, allowing their subsequent differentiation into multiple cell types during development and the initiation of metastasis.
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            Long noncoding RNAs in cell-fate programming and reprogramming.

            Ryan Flynn, Howard Y. Chang (2014)
            In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as an important class of regulators of gene expression. lncRNAs exhibit several distinctive features that confer unique regulatory functions, including exquisite cell- and tissue-specific expression and the capacity to transduce higher-order spatial information. Here we review evidence showing that lncRNAs exert critical functions in adult tissue stem cells, including skin, brain, and muscle, as well as in developmental patterning and pluripotency. We highlight new approaches for ascribing lncRNA functions and discuss mammalian dosage compensation as a classic example of an lncRNA network coupled to stem cell differentiation.
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              TGF-β-induced upregulation of malat1 promotes bladder cancer metastasis by associating with suz12.

              Yu Fan, Bing Shen, Mingyue Tan … (2014)
              TGF-β promotes tumor invasion and metastasis by inducing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying mechanisms causing this are not entirely clear. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) have been shown to play important regulatory roles in cancer progression. The lncRNA malat1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells. We, therefore, investigated whether TGF-β regulates malat1 expression to promote tumor metastasis of bladder cancer. The expression levels of malat1 and EMT markers were assayed in specimens of bladder cancer. The role of malat1 in regulating bladder cancer metastasis was evaluated in cell and animal models. TGF-β induces malat1 expression and EMT in bladder cancer cells. malat1 overexpression is significantly correlated with poor survival in patients with bladder cancer. malat1 and E-cadherin expression is negatively correlated in vitro and in vivo. malat1 knockdown inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT. malat1 is associated with suppressor of zeste 12 (suz12), and this association results in decrease of E-cadherin expression and increase of N-cadherin and fibronectin expression. Furthermore, targeted inhibition of malat1 or suz12 suppresses the migratory and invasive properties induced by TGF-β. Finally, we demonstrated that malat1 or suz12 knockdown inhibits tumor metastasis in animal models. These data suggest that malat1 is an important mediator of TGF-β-induced EMT, and suggest that malat1 inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic option for suppressing bladder cancer progression. ©2014 AACR.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Biol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int. J. Biol. Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijbs
                Title: International Journal of Biological Sciences
                Publisher: Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1449-2288
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 March 2019
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 847-856
                Affiliations
                The Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036
                Author notes
                ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Fangting Zhang, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Telephone: (86) 0755-8392-3333, E-mail: fangtingzhang@ 123456126.com ; Dr. Fangfang Chen, Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Telephone: (86) 0755-8392-3333, E-mail: ffchen@ 123456163.com

                *These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

                Article
                Publisher ID: ijbsv15p0847
                DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30970
                PMC ID: 6429018
                PubMed ID: 30906215
                SO-VID: aa9e28ba-9cb9-40a5-8197-c8c1f6151050
                Copyright © © Ivyspring International Publisher
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.

                History
                Date received : 25 October 2018
                Date accepted : 17 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: long non-coding rna,pcat-1,cancer,biomarker,therapeutic target
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: long non-coding rna, pcat-1, cancer, biomarker, therapeutic target

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