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      Evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of infection by Leishmania infantum in clinically normal and sick cats

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          Highlights

          • •

            IFAT for anti- Leishmania IgG was positive in 10/100 cats.

          • •

            ELISA for anti- Leishmania IgG was positive in 1/100 cats.

          • •

            IFAT for anti- Leishmania IgM was positive in 1/100 cats.

          • •

            The results of IFAT and ELISA for anti- Leishmania IgG disagreed ( P = 0.039).

          • •

            IFAT or ELISA for anti- Leishmania IgG disagreed with the results of PCR.

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          Abstract

          Cats that live in areas where canine and human leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum is endemic may become infected and may develop anti- Leishmania antibodies. In this study 50 clinically normal and 50 cats with cutaneous and/or systemic signs that lived in an endemic area and had been previously examined for infection by L. infantum using PCR in four different tissues were serologically tested for the presence of anti- Leishmania IgG (IFAT and ELISA) and IgM (IFAT). The aim was to compare the results of IFAT, ELISA and PCR and to investigate the possible associations between seropositivity to Leishmania spp and signalment, living conditions, season of sampling, health status of the cats, and seropositivity to other infectious agents . Low concentrations of anti- Leishmania IgG were detected by IFAT in 10% of the cats and by ELISA in 1%, whereas anti- Leishmania IgM were detected by IFAT in 1%. There was disagreement between the results of IFAT and ELISA for anti- Leishmania IgG ( P = 0.039) and between all serological tests and PCR ( P <  0.001). The diagnostic sensitivity of all serological tests, using PCR as the gold standard, was very low, but ELISA and IFAT for anti- Leishmania IgM had 100% specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity of all serological tests could not be improved by changing the cut-off values. Seropositivity for Leishmania spp was not associated with signalment, living conditions, season of sampling and health status of the cats or with seropositivity to feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline coronavirus, Toxoplasma gondii and Bartonella henselae. In conclusion, because of their low sensitivity and very high specificity two of the evaluated serological tests (ELISA for anti- Leishmania IgG and IFAT for anti- Leishmania IgM) may be useless as population screening tests but valuable for diagnosing feline infection by L. infantum.

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          Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one.

          Gad Baneth, Alexander Koutinas, Laia Solano-Gallego … (2008)
          Recent research has provided new insights on the epidemiology, pathology and immunology of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and its genetic basis. The prevalence of infection in endemic areas is considerably higher than that of apparent clinical illness. In addition, infection spreads rapidly among dogs in the presence of optimal conditions for transmission. Infection involves a variety of granulomatous and harmful immune-mediated responses, and susceptibility to the disease is influenced by a complex genetic basis. These concepts will be instrumental for devising control programs. This review, the first in a series of two articles on CanL, presents an updated view on progress in elucidating the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this challenging disease, and the second part focuses on advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
          Article 0 comments Cited 174 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Infection of sandflies by a cat naturally infected with Leishmania infantum.

            Michele Maroli, Marina Gramiccia, Maria-Grazia Pennisi … (2007)
            Despite the recent reports of feline leishmaniosis from Southern Europe, cats are still regarded as unusual Leishmania hosts. A cat found chronically infected with Leishmania was submitted to xenodiagnosis. After being sedated, the animal was exposed to the bite of 100 laboratory-reared Phlebotomus perniciosus in a fine net cage for 90 min. Four out of 19 blood-fed sandflies (21%) showed motile promastigotes at the dissection. Parasites cultured from cat's lymph node and an infected fly were identical at PCR-RFLP genotyping and identified as Leishmania infantum MON-1, the main zymodeme responsible for human and canine leishmaniosis in Southern Europe. This is the first evidence of transmissibility of feline parasites to a proven vector, suggesting that cats may represent an additional domestic reservoir for L. infantum.
            Article 0 comments Cited 62 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi.

              Alexandre Reis, Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho, Andre M. Vale … (2006)
              The role of anti-leishmanial immune response underlying the susceptibility/resistance during canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been recognized throughout ex vivo and in vitro investigations. Recently, we demonstrated that immunoglobulin levels (Igs), as well as the parasite load are relevant hallmarks of distinct clinical status of CVL. To further characterize and upgrade the background on this issue, herein, we have evaluated, in Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi naturally infected dogs, the relationship between tissue parasitism (skin, bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph node), the CVL clinical status (asymptomatic (AD), with no suggestive signs of the disease; oligosymptomatic (OD), with maximum three clinical signs-opaque bristles; localized alopecia and moderate loss of weight; symptomatic (SD), serologically positive with severe clinical signs of visceral leishmaniasis), and the humoral immunological profile of anti-Leishmania immunoglobulins (IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, IgA and IgE). Our major statistically significant findings revealed distinct patterns of tissue parasite density within L. chagasi-infected dogs despite their clinical status, pointing out the spleen and skin as the most relevant sites of high parasitism during ongoing CVL. Parasite density of bone marrow and spleen were the most reliable parasitological markers to decode the clinical status of CVL. Moreover, the parasite density of bone marrow better correlates with most anti-Leishmania Igs reactivity. Additionally, a prognostic hallmark for canine visceral leishmaniasis was found, highlighting strong correlation between IgG1 and asymptomatic disease, but with IgA, IgE and IgG2 displaying better association with symptomatic disease. The new aspects of this study highlighted pioneer findings that correlated the degree of tissue parasite density (low (LP), medium (MP) and high (HP) parasitism) with distinct patterns of anti-Leishmania Igs reactivity. In this scope, our data re-enforce the anti-Leishmania IgG but with IgA reactivity as the better marker for overall tissue parasitism. The association between clinical status, Ig profile and the tissue parasitism support a novel investigation on the impact of humoral immune response and susceptibility/resistance mechanism during ongoing CVL.
              Article 0 comments Cited 51 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Manolis K. Chatzis
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Exp Parasitol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Exp. Parasitol
                Title: Experimental Parasitology
                Publisher: Academic Press
                ISSN (Print): 0014-4894
                ISSN (Electronic): 1090-2449
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 October 2014
                Publication date (Print): December 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 October 2014
                Volume: 147
                Pages: 54-59
                Affiliations
                [a ]Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43100 Karditsa, Greece
                [b ]Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43100 Karditsa, Greece
                [c ]Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
                [d ]Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
                [e ]Quality Veterinary Practice, 96 Syntagmatos Str. 54, Volos, Greece
                [f ]Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Fax: +30 2441066053. mchatzis@ 123456vet.uth.gr
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0014-4894(14)00227-6
                DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.10.004
                PMC ID: 7094338
                PubMed ID: 25307685
                SO-VID: a942f252-aa87-41fa-9fc1-a98fca0af9a5
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 16 May 2014
                Date revision received : 19 September 2014
                Date accepted : 6 October 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: cat,elisa,ifat,igg,igm,leishmania infantum
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: cat, elisa, ifat, igg, igm, leishmania infantum

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