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      Hair regrowth boosting via minoxidil cubosomes: Formulation development, in vivo hair regrowth evaluation, histopathological examination and confocal laser microscopy imaging

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      International Journal of Pharmaceutics
      Elsevier BV

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          Most cited references52

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          A comprehensive guide for the accurate classification of murine hair follicles in distinct hair cycle stages.

          Numerous strains of mice with defined mutations display pronounced abnormalities of hair follicle cycling, even in the absence of overt alterations of the skin and hair phenotype; however, in order to recognize even subtle, hair cycle-related abnormalities, it is critically important to be able to determine accurately and classify the major stages of the normal murine hair cycle. In this comprehensive guide, we present pragmatic basic and auxiliary criteria for recognizing key stages of hair follicle growth (anagen), regression (catagen) and quiescence (telogen) in C57BL/6NCrlBR mice, which are largely based on previous work from other authors. For each stage, a schematic drawing and representative micrographs are provided in order to illustrate these criteria. The basic criteria can be employed for all mouse strains and require only routine histochemical techniques. The auxiliary criteria depend on the immunohistochemical analysis of three markers (interleukin-1 receptor type I, transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II, and neural cell-adhesion molecule), which allow a refined analysis of anatomical hair follicle compartments during all hair cycle stages. In contrast to prior staging systems, we suggest dividing anagen III into three distinct substages, based on morphologic differences, onset and progression of melanogenesis, and the position of the dermal papilla in the subcutis. The computer-generated schematic representations of each stage are presented with the aim of standardizing reports on follicular gene and protein expression patterns. This guide should become a useful tool when screening new mouse mutants or mice treated with pharmaceuticals for discrete morphologic abnormalities of hair follicle cycling in a highly reproducible, easily applicable, and quantifiable manner.
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            Is Open Access

            Theranostic combinatorial drug-loaded coated cubosomes for enhanced targeting and efficacy against cancer cells

            Cubosomes, a product of nanobioengineering, are self-structured lipid nanoparticles that act like drug-loaded theranostic probes. Here, we describe a simple method for the preparation of combinatorial drug-loaded cubosomes with, proof-of-principle, therapeutic effect against cancer cells, along with diagnostic capabilities. Anticancer drugs cisplatin and paclitaxel were loaded in the cubosomes in combination. The cubosomes were coated with a layer of poly-Ɛ-lysine, which helped avoid the initial burst release of drug and allowed for a slow and sustained release for better efficacy. Cubosomes were imaged by transmission electron microscope, and their dispersion analyzed in vitro by differential scanning calorimetric and X-ray diffractogram studies. The microscopic images depicted spherical polyangular structures, which are easily distinguishable. The analyses revealed that the drug is uniformly dispersed all through the cubosomes. Further characterization was carried out by zeta-potential measurement, in vitro release, and entrapment efficiency studies. The in vitro studies established that the coating of cubosomes successfully reduced the burst release of drugs initially and confirmed a slow, sustained release over increased time. Comparative cytotoxicity of coated, uncoated, and blank cubosomes was evaluated, using human hepatoma HepG2 cell line, and the formulations were found to be entirely nontoxic, similar to the blank ones. The therapeutic efficiency of the cubosomes against HeLa cells was confirmed by the impedance measurement and fluorescent imaging. Furthermore, the reduction in impedance in cells treated with coated combinatorial cubosomes proved the impairment of HeLa cells, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.
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              Cubosomes: The Next Generation of Smart Lipid Nanoparticles?

              Cubosomes are highly stable nanoparticles formed from the lipid cubic phase and stabilized by a polymer based outer corona. Lipid cubic phases consist of a single lipid bilayer which forms a continuous periodic membrane lattice structure with pores formed by two interwoven water channels. Cubosome composition can be tuned to engineer pore sizes or include bioactive lipids, the polymer outer corona can be used for targeting and they are highly stable under physiological conditions. The structure provides a significantly higher membrane surface area for loading of membrane proteins and small drug molecules than liposomes. Due to recent advances, they can be engineered in vitro in both bulk and nanoparticle formats with applications including drug delivery, membrane bioreactors, artificial cells and biosensors. This review outlines recent advances in cubosome technology enabling their application and provides guidelines for the rational design of new systems for biomedical applications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                International Journal of Pharmaceutics
                International Journal of Pharmaceutics
                Elsevier BV
                03785173
                March 2023
                March 2023
                : 634
                : 122665
                Article
                10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122665
                36736676
                a8e896aa-990e-4072-bdb7-1d874f18bb50
                © 2023

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029

                https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004

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