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      Avaliação da ressecção hepática em pacientes cirróticos com carcinoma hepatocelular Translated title: Evaluation of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhotic livers

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          Abstract

          RACIONAL: O carcinoma hepatocelular é uma complicação que acomete pacientes que apresentam cirrose hepática. A ressecção hepática, o transplante ortotópico de fígado e a ablação percutânea constituem opções terapêuticas com o intuito curativo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da ressecção hepática para o tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular, em fígados cirróticos, em um hospital geral. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas as características clínicas, laboratoriais, endoscópicas e histopatológicas de 22 pacientes submetidos a ressecção hepática entre os anos de 1996 e 2005, com o intuito de se avaliar a sobrevida, a identificação de fatores prognósticos e a incidência de recidiva tumoral. Para tanto, especial atenção foi dada aos níveis séricos de bilirrubinas e alfa-fetoproteína, grau de disfunção hepatocelular (avaliado pelas classificações Child-Pugh-Turcotte e " Model for End-Stage Liver Disease" - MELD), tamanho e número de tumores, invasão microvascular e presença de lesões satélites. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 95% na análise estatística. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes estudados foi de 62,09 anos, sendo 17 do sexo masculino. Em 10 casos a cirrose hepática esteve associada à infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C, em 4 à combinação do uso crônico do etanol e vírus da hepatite C, em 3 ao vírus da hepatite B, em 2 ao uso do etanol isoladamente, em 1 com uso de medicamentos e, em 2 casos, não foi identificada a causa. Dezoito pacientes apresentaram tumor único, sendo que em 11 o tumor media menos que 5 cm. A sobrevida variou entre 10 dias e 120 meses, com média de 33,5 meses. No final do 1º, 3º e 5º anos, identificou-se sobrevida de 61,90%, 16,67% e 11,11%, respectivamente. Houve três óbitos nos primeiros 3 meses posteriores à ressecção hepática. Treze óbitos foram identificados após os primeiros 3 meses, sendo que 12 casos foram relacionados à recidiva e progressão da neoplasia. Um paciente faleceu no período pós-operatório imediato de novo procedimento cirúrgico para ressecção de uma recidiva tumoral. No que se refere à sobrevida e à identificação de fatores prognósticos, foi identificada relação entre sobrevida e invasão microvascular. Não foi observada diferença, com significância estatística, nas curvas de sobrevida entre os níveis séricos de bilirrubinas e alfa-fetoproteína, grau de disfunção hepatocelular, tamanho e número de lesões. Entretanto, foi identificada probabilidade de recidiva tumoral maior no grupo de pacientes que apresentava invasão microvascular no estudo histopatológico. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes estudados, observaram-se maus resultados com o tratamento cirúrgico do carcinoma hepatocelular. A seleção adequada dos casos pode ser fator importante para a melhoria desse resultado.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: The hepatocellular carcinoma is a disorder that affects patients suffering from cirrhosis. Liver resection, orthotopic liver transplantation and percutaneous ablation are some forms of therapy currently used to provide a cure for this disease. AIM: To assess the results achieved through liver resection for the treatment of the hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis being under treatment in a general hospital. METHODS: Clinical observation, laboratory test results, endoscopic and histopathologic analysis were taken into consideration in the case of 22 patients who underwent liver resection between 1996 and 2005. To verify the survival rates, identify the prognostic factors and determine the risk of recurrence, special attention was given to the serologic levels of bilirubins and alpha-fetoprotein, and to the level of the hepatocellular dysfunction (classified according to the Child-Pugh-Turcotte and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease parameters). The size and number of tumours, microvascular invasion and the presence of satellite lesions were also taken into consideration. The level of statistic significance employed was of 95%. RESULTS: In the cases studied, patients had an average age of 62.09 years, being 17 of them male. In 10 cases the liver cirrhosis was associated to the hepatitis C chronic infection; in 4 cases there was a combination of chronic ingestion of ethanol and the hepatitis C virus; in 3 cases there was an association with the hepatitis B virus chronic infection. Two cases were related to the chronic ingestion of ethanol alone and in one case the use of medications was reported. It was not possible to establish the etiology in two of the cases studied. Eighteen patients had a single tumour, 11 of them smaller than 5 cm. The survival rate varied between 10 days and 120 months, being of 33.5 months on average. At the end of the 1st, 3rd and 5th year, the survival rates were 61.90%, 16.67% and 11.11%, respectively. Three patients died within the first 3 months after the liver resection. Thirteen patients died after the first 3 months, 12 of the cases associated to tumour recurrence and tumour progression. There was one death in the immediate post-operative period of a second operation carried out to remove a recurrent tumour. When it comes to the survival rate and the identification of prognostic factors, a relationship between patient’s survival and microvascular invasion was observed. No statically significant relationship was established between the survival rate and the serologic levels of bilirubins and alpha-fetoprotein or the level of hepatocellular dysfunction, size or number of tumours. However, a more significant incidence of tumour recurrence was observed in patients with microvascular invasion in the histopathologic study. CONCLUSION: In spite of the reduced number of cases studied, the surgical treatment of the hepatocellular carcinoma produced bad results. A careful selection of cases where surgery could be an option may be a decisive factor to improve such results. Acareful selection of cases might be a decisive factor in order to improve such results.

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          Most cited references46

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          Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis.

          The role of orthotopic liver transplantation in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is controversial, and determining which patients are likely to have a good outcome after liver transplantation is difficult. We studied 48 patients with cirrhosis who had small, unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas and who underwent liver transplantation. In 94 percent of the patients, the cirrhosis was related to infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or both. The presence of tumor was confirmed by biopsy or serum alpha-fetoprotein assay. The criteria for eligibility for transplantation were the presence of a tumor 5 cm or less in diameter in patients with single hepatocellular carcinomas and no more than three tumor nodules, each 3 cm or less in diameter, in patients with multiple tumors. Thirty-three patients with sufficient hepatic function underwent treatment for the tumor, mainly chemoembolization, before transplantation. After liver transplantation, the patients were followed prospectively for a median of 26 months (range, 9 to 54). No anticancer treatment was given after transplantation. The overall mortality rate was 17 percent. After four years, the actuarial survival rate was 75 percent and the rate of recurrence-free survival was 83 percent. Hepatocellular carcinoma recurred in four patients (8 percent). The overall and recurrence-free survival rates at four years among the 35 patients (73 percent of the total) who met the predetermined criteria for the selection of small hepatocellular carcinomas at pathological review of small hepatocellular carcinomas at pathological review of the explanted liver wer 85 percent and 92 percent, respectively, whereas the rates in the 13 patients (27 percent) whose tumors exceeded these limits were 50 percent and 59 percent, respectively (P=0.01 for overall survival; P=0.002 for recurrence-free survival). In this group of 48 patients with early-stage tumors, tumor-node-metastasis status, the number of tumors, the serum alphafetoprotein concentration, treatment received before transplantation, and 10 other variables were not significantly correlated with survival. Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for small, unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis.
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            Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices

            Emergency ligation of bleeding oesophageal varices using the Milnes Walker technique was performed in 38 patients. Haemorrhage continued or recurred in hospital in 11 patients, all of whom subsequently died. A further 10 patients died in hospital following operation from hepatic failure and a variety of other causes. Five patients were finally considered suitable for elective shunt surgery, but of 12 patients who were discharged without a further operation, only 2 have re-bled. Although the overall 6-month survival was 32 per cent, in patients with good preoperative liver function this rose to 71 per cent, and the simple scoring system for grading the severity of disturbance of liver function was found to be of value in predicting the outcome of surgery. Since the results of emergency ligation of bleeding oesophageal varices in our hands have been so disappointing we are currently using it less and are trying the mesenteric caval jump graft as an emergency operation for the control of bleeding varices.
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              Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.

              Clinical observations have suggested that the number of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma has increased in the United States. We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data base to determine the age-adjusted incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma from 1976 to 1995, data from the U.S. vital-statistics data base to determine age-adjusted mortality rates from 1981 to 1995, and data from the Department of Veterans Affairs to determine age-adjusted rates of hospitalization for the disease from 1983 to 1997. The incidence of histologically proved hepatocellular carcinoma increased from 1.4 per 100,000 population (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 1.4) for the period from 1976 to 1980 to 2.4 per 100,000 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 2.4) for the period from 1991 to 1995. Among black men, the incidence was 6.1 per 100,000 for the period from 1991 to 1995, and among white men, it was 2.8 per 100,000. There was a 41 percent increase in the mortality rate from primary liver cancer and a 46 percent increase in the proportion of hospitalizations attributable to this disease during the periods studied. The incidence increased significantly among younger persons (40 to 60 years old) during the period from 1991 to 1995 as compared with earlier periods. An increase in the number of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma has occurred in the United States over the past two decades. The age-specific incidence of this cancer has progressively shifted toward younger people.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ag
                Arquivos de Gastroenterologia
                Arq. Gastroenterol.
                Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia e Outras Especialidades - IBEPEGE. (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2803
                1678-4219
                June 2008
                : 45
                : 2
                : 99-105
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameSanta Casa de Porto Alegre
                [02] RS orgnameFundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre
                [03] RS orgnameFundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre
                [04] RS orgnameFundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre
                Article
                S0004-28032008000200002 S0004-2803(08)04500202
                a81cdea5-1fea-4f4c-8d53-b09d6a950ee8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 November 2007
                : 18 January 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Cirrose hepática,Neoplasias hepáticas,Carcinoma hepatocelular,Liver cirrhosis,Liver neoplasms,Carcinoma, hepatocellular

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