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      Mobile phone addiction and depression among Chinese medical students: the mediating role of sleep quality and the moderating role of peer relationships

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          Abstract

          The literature has shown that mobile phone addiction is an important risk factor for depression. However, the internal mechanisms of mobile phone addiction leading to depression are still not clear. This study examined the mediating role of sleep quality and moderating role of peer relationships in the association between mobile phone addiction and depression. A sample of 450 Chinese medical students were recruited to complete measures of mobile phone addiction, depression, sleep quality and peer relationships. In this study, SPSS 25.0 and macro PROCESS were used to conduct statistical analysis on the collected data. The results showed that sleep quality partially mediated the association between mobile phone addiction and depression. Moreover, the effect of sleep quality on depression was moderated by peer relationships. The present study can advance our understanding of how and when mobile phone addiction leads to depression. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

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          The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

          K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J. Williams (2001)
          While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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            The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research

            Daniel J. Buysse, Charles Reynolds III, Timothy H Monk … (1989)
            Despite the prevalence of sleep complaints among psychiatric patients, few questionnaires have been specifically designed to measure sleep quality in clinical populations. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven "component" scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The sum of scores for these seven components yields one global score. Clinical and clinimetric properties of the PSQI were assessed over an 18-month period with "good" sleepers (healthy subjects, n = 52) and "poor" sleepers (depressed patients, n = 54; sleep-disorder patients, n = 62). Acceptable measures of internal homogeneity, consistency (test-retest reliability), and validity were obtained. A global PSQI score greater than 5 yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5% (kappa = 0.75, p less than 0.001) in distinguishing good and poor sleepers. The clinimetric and clinical properties of the PSQI suggest its utility both in psychiatric clinical practice and research activities.
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              Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.

              Kristopher J Preacher, Andrew Hayes (2008)
              Hypotheses involving mediation are common in the behavioral sciences. Mediation exists when a predictor affects a dependent variable indirectly through at least one intervening variable, or mediator. Methods to assess mediation involving multiple simultaneous mediators have received little attention in the methodological literature despite a clear need. We provide an overview of simple and multiple mediation and explore three approaches that can be used to investigate indirect processes, as well as methods for contrasting two or more mediators within a single model. We present an illustrative example, assessing and contrasting potential mediators of the relationship between the helpfulness of socialization agents and job satisfaction. We also provide SAS and SPSS macros, as well as Mplus and LISREL syntax, to facilitate the use of these methods in applications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ziyi Feng: tisay@qq.com
                Yucong Diao: 2781655593@qq.com
                Hongfei Ma: mahongfei1994@163.com
                Minghui Liu: 18941638100@163.com
                Meijun Long: lmj473118511@163.com
                Shuang Zhao: 18340809738@163.com
                Hui Wu: hwu@cmu.edu.cn
                Yang Wang:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-157X
                yangwang@cmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Psychiatry
                Title: BMC Psychiatry
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-244X
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 August 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 August 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 567
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.412449.e, ISNI 0000 0000 9678 1884, Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, , China Medical University, ; No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122 PR China
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-157X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 4183
                DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04183-9
                PMC ID: 9396829
                PubMed ID: 35999533
                SO-VID: a8024eda-eb8d-4cff-bb6b-9775c2aa5612
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 1 April 2022
                Date accepted : 31 July 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: mobile phone addiction,depression,peer relationships,sleep quality,medical students
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: mobile phone addiction, depression, peer relationships, sleep quality, medical students

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