Novel hydroxylated boron nitride functionalized <i>p</i>-phenylenediamine-grafted graphene: an excellent filler for enhancing the barrier properties of polyurethane

Author(s): Xuyang Li ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Parthasarathi Bandyopadhyay ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Tolendra Kshetri ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Nam Hoon Kim ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Joong Hee Lee ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵

Publication date (Electronic): 2018

Journal: Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

A hydroxylated boron nitride (BN(OH) _x) functionalized p-phenylenediamine modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) filler (BN(OH) _x–PrGO) is prepared for the first time using a facile and novel strategy.

Abstract

A hydroxylated boron nitride (BN(OH) _x) functionalized p-phenylenediamine modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) filler (BN(OH) _x–PrGO) is synthesized for the first time using a facile and novel strategy. BN(OH) _x–PrGO/polyurethane (PU) composite films are prepared using different filler loadings via a solution casting technique. BN(OH) _x–rGO/PU and BN(OH) _x/PU composite films are also prepared in order to compare the reinforcing effects of different fillers. FESEM and TEM analyses show the excellent dispersion and compatibility of BN(OH) _x–PrGO sheets in the PU matrix. The tensile strength and modulus of the composite film show 62% and 95% enhancement, respectively, following the inclusion of 3 wt% BN(OH) _x–PrGO compared to those of the pure PU film. The BN(OH) _x–PrGO/PU composite films exhibit outstanding oxygen gas barrier properties, ideal dielectric properties, and excellent anti-corrosion performances. In particular, the ³BN(OH) _x–PrGO/PU film shows nearly 91% reduction in the O ₂ transmission rate compared to the PU film. The permeability of O ₂ through the composite film is correlated with the diffusivity, solubility and Bharadwaj model. The dielectric constant (at 10 ³ Hz) increases from 6.8 for the pure PU film to 13.1 for the ³BN(OH) _x–PrGO/PU composite, and the dielectric loss also remains low for the composite. The potentiodynamic polarization curve shows a substantial shift of the corrosion potential of ³BN(OH) _x–PrGO/PU-coated steel towards the anodic direction compared to the PU film, and it exhibits an ultralow corrosion rate (6.14 × 10 ⁻⁵ mm per year) and excellent corrosion inhibition efficiency (99.96%) in saline solution.

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Quantum electrodynamics (resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter, but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's (relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximately 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c*2. This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.

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Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a layered material with a graphite-like structure in which planar networks of BN hexagons are regularly stacked. As the structural analogue of a carbon nanotube (CNT), a BN nanotube (BNNT) was first predicted in 1994; since then, it has become one of the most intriguing non-carbon nanotubes. Compared with metallic or semiconducting CNTs, a BNNT is an electrical insulator with a band gap of ca. 5 eV, basically independent of tube geometry. In addition, BNNTs possess a high chemical stability, excellent mechanical properties, and high thermal conductivity. The same advantages are likely applicable to a graphene analogue-a monatomic layer of a hexagonal BN. Such unique properties make BN nanotubes and nanosheets a promising nanomaterial in a variety of potential fields such as optoelectronic nanodevices, functional composites, hydrogen accumulators, electrically insulating substrates perfectly matching the CNT, and graphene lattices. This review gives an introduction to the rich BN nanotube/nanosheet field, including the latest achievements in the synthesis, structural analyses, and property evaluations, and presents the purpose and significance of this direction in the light of the general nanotube/nanosheet developments.