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      Advanced Practice Nursing in Primary Health Care in the Spanish National Health System Translated title: Enfermagem Prática Avançada em atenção primária no Sistema Nacional de Saúde espanhol

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          Abstract

          Abstract The primary health care in the Spanish National Health System is organised in health centres with multi-professional teams, composed of doctors and nurses specialised in family and community health, in addition to other professionals. This article analyses the role of primary health care nurses in the Spanish National Health System. In the last decade, new concepts of task sharing between doctors and nurses as well as advanced nursing roles have been evolved in the health centres that focus on improving care for chronically ill patients and access to primary care. With shared responsibility, nurses are responsible for chronic patients in stable conditions, health prevention and promotion. The scaling up of advanced nursing tasks is limited by uncertainties of roles, disparities between states, and legislations that do not cover the full extent of advanced nursing tasks. The case study of Spain indicates that a strong multi-professional model of primary health care teams is a crucial basis for the evolvement of advanced nursing practice and its acceptance in daily routines. However, advantageous education structures and legislations are needed to allow nurses to develop their contribution in the full potential.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A atenção primária no Sistema Nacional de Saúde espanhol é prestada em centros de saúde públicos, com equipe composta de médicos e enfermeiros especialistas em família e comunidade, além de outros profissionais. Neste artigo, se analisa a atuação do enfermeiro na atenção primária no Serviço Nacional de Saúde espanhol. Na última década, buscando efetividade no manejo de condições crônicas e melhor acesso à atenção, novos modelos de ações compartilhadas entre médicos e enfermeiros, bem como práticas avançadas de enfermagem foram desenvolvidas. Atualmente, com responsabilidades compartilhadas, enfermeiros são responsáveis por pacientes com condições crônicas estáveis, além de ações de prevenção e promoção. Não obstante, a prática avançada em enfermagem é limitada por indefinição de funções, disparidade de atuação entre Estados e legislação insuficiente, que não abarca o potencial desta prática. O caso da Espanha indica que um modelo de atenção multiprofissional forte na atenção primária é crucial para o desenvolvimento da enfermagem de prática avançada. Entretanto, promover formação e legislação adequada à essa prática é necessário, para que os enfermeiros contribuam com todo o seu potencial na atenção primária à saúde.

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          The strength of primary care in Europe: an international comparative study.

          A suitable definition of primary care to capture the variety of prevailing international organisation and service-delivery models is lacking. Evaluation of strength of primary care in Europe. International comparative cross-sectional study performed in 2009-2010, involving 27 EU member states, plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey. Outcome measures covered three dimensions of primary care structure: primary care governance, economic conditions of primary care, and primary care workforce development; and four dimensions of primary care service-delivery process: accessibility, comprehensiveness, continuity, and coordination of primary care. The primary care dimensions were operationalised by a total of 77 indicators for which data were collected in 31 countries. Data sources included national and international literature, governmental publications, statistical databases, and experts' consultations. Countries with relatively strong primary care are Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK. Countries either have many primary care policies and regulations in place, combined with good financial coverage and resources, and adequate primary care workforce conditions, or have consistently only few of these primary care structures in place. There is no correlation between the access, continuity, coordination, and comprehensiveness of primary care of countries. Variation is shown in the strength of primary care across Europe, indicating a discrepancy in the responsibility given to primary care in national and international policy initiatives and the needed investments in primary care to solve, for example, future shortages of workforce. Countries are consistent in their primary care focus on all important structure dimensions. Countries need to improve their primary care information infrastructure to facilitate primary care performance management.
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            Spain: Health System Review.

            This analysis of the Spanish health system reviews recent developments in organization and governance, health financing, health care provision, health reforms and health system performance. Overall health status continues to improve in Spain, and life expectancy is the highest in the European Union. Inequalities in self-reported health have also declined in the last decade, although long-standing disability and chronic conditions are increasing due to an ageing population. The macroeconomic context in the last decade in the country has been characterized by the global economic recession, which resulted in the implementation of health system-specific measures addressed to maintain the sustainability of the system. New legislation was issued to regulate coverage conditions, the benefits package and the participation of patients in the National Health System funding. Despite the budget constraints linked to the economic downturn, the health system remains almost universal, covering 99.1% of the population. Public expenditure in health prevails, with public sources accounting for over 71.1% of total health financing. General taxes are the main source of public funds, with regions (known as Autonomous Communities) managing most of those public health resources. Private spending, mainly related to out-of-pocket payments, has increased over time, and it is now above the EU average. Health care provision continues to be characterized by the strength of primary care, which is the core element of the health system; however, the increasing financing gap as compared with secondary care may challenge primary care in the long-term. Public health efforts over the last decade have focused on increasing health system coordination and providing guidance on addressing chronic conditions and lifestyle factors such as obesity. The underlying principles and goals of the national health system continue to focus on universality, free access, equity and fairness of financing. The evolution of performance measures over the last decade shows the resilience of the health system in the aftermath of the economic crisis, although some structural reforms may be required to improve chronic care management and the reallocation of resources to high-value interventions.
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              Utilization of registered nurses in primary care teams: A systematic review

              Background Registered nurses are increasingly becoming embedded in primary care teams yet there is a wide variability in nursing roles and responsibilities across organizations. Policy makers are calling for a closer look at how to best utilize registered nurses in primary care teams. Lack of knowledge about effective primary care nursing roles and responsibilities challenges policy makers' abilities to develop recommendations to effectively deploy registered nurses in primary care needed to assure efficient, evidence-based, and quality health care. Objective To synthesize international evidence about primary care RN roles and responsibilities to make recommendations for maximizing the contributions of RNs in team-based primary care models. Design Systematic Review Data Sources The Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies framework guided the conduct of this review. Five electronic databases (OVID Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library) were searched using MeSH terms: primary care, roles, and responsibilities. The term "nurs*" was truncated to identify all literature relevant to nursing. Review Methods The initial search yielded 2,243. Abstracts and titles were screened for relevance and seventy-one full text reviews were completed by two researchers. Inclusion criteria included: 1) Registered nurses practicing in interprofessional teams; 2) Description of registered nursing roles and responsibilities; 3) Primary care setting. All eligible studies underwent quality appraisal using the Integrative Quality Criteria for Review of Multiple Study Designs tool. Results Eighteen studies met eligibility across six countries: Australia, United States, Spain, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. Registered nurses play a large role in chronic disease management, patient education, medication management, and often can shift between clinical and administrative responsibilities. There are a limited number of registered nurses that participate in primary care policy making and research. Conclusion Integrating registered nurses into primary care has the potential to increase patient access to a primary care provider because registered nurses can supplement some of the provider workload: they renew prescriptions, address patient questions, and provide patient education. Clear practice protocols and nursing policy should be written by registered nurses to ensure safe, and effective nursing care. The use of a medical assistant or nurse’s aide to perform non-nursing tasks allows registered nurses to take on more complex patient care. Future research should expand on emerging payment models for nurse-specific tasks.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                January 2020
                : 25
                : 1
                : 303-314
                Affiliations
                [1] Bielefeld orgnameBielefeld University orgdiv1School of Public Health Alemanha kerstin.haemel@ 123456uni-bielefeld.de
                [3] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Brazil
                [2] Cascavel Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Brazil
                Article
                S1413-81232020000100303 S1413-8123(20)02500100303
                10.1590/1413-81232020251.28332019
                31859878
                a7b37ba8-07e9-4b3b-9f80-608827ecf280

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 April 2019
                : 20 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Categories
                Article

                Primary health care,General practice,Provision of health care,Community health,Advanced practice nursing,atenção primária a saúde,unidades de atenção primária,prestação de serviços de saúde,saúde da comunidade,prática avançada de enfermagem.

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