Comparative effectiveness and safety of DOACs vs. VKAs in treatment of left ventricular thrombus- a meta-analysis update

Abstract

Background and objective

Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) formation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or cardiomyopathies is not uncommon. The optimal oral anticoagulation therapy for resolving LVT has been under intense debate. Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) remain the anticoagulant of choice for this condition, according to practice guidelines. Evidence supporting the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in the management of LVT continues to grow. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of DOACs versus VKAs.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases in July 2023. The efficacy outcomes of this study were thrombus resolution, ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, stroke/systemic embolism, all-cause mortality, and adverse cardiovascular events. The safety outcomes were any bleeding, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage. A total of twenty-seven eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Data were analyzed utilizing Stata software version 15.1.

Results

There was no significant difference between DOACs and VKAs with regard to LVT resolution (RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.95–1.05, P = 0.99). In the overall analysis, DOACs significantly reduced the risk of stroke (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.57–0.96, P = 0.021), all-cause mortality (RR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.86, P = 0.001), any bleeding (RR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.61–0.92, P = 0.006) and major bleeding (RR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.52–0.85, P = 0.001) when compared to VKAs. Meanwhile, in the sub-analysis examining randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the aforementioned outcomes no longer differed significantly between the DOACs and VKAs groups. The incidences of systemic embolism (RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.54–1.22, P = 0.32), stroke/systemic embolism (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.72–1.00, P = 0.056), intracranial hemorrhage (RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.23–1.54, P = 0.28), and adverse cardiovascular events (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.63–1.56, P = 0.92) were comparable between the DOACs and VKAs groups. A subgroup analysis showed that patients treated with rivaroxaban had a significantly lower risk of stroke (RR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.72, P = 0.011) than those in the VKAs group.

Conclusion

With non-inferior efficacy and superior safety, DOACs are promising therapeutic alternatives to VKAs in the treatment of LVT. Further robust investigations are warranted to confirm our findings.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12959-024-00585-9.