Carbon ion irradiation exerts antitumor activity by inducing cGAS–STING activation and immune response in prostate cancer‐bearing mice

Abstract

Background and Purpose

As an advanced radiotherapy technique, carbon ion radiotherapy has demonstrated good efficacy and low toxicity for prostate cancer patients, but the radiobiological mechanism of killing tumor cells has not been fully elucidated. This study aims to explore the antitumor effects of carbon ion irradiation (CIR) through investigating the immune response induced by CIR in prostate cancer‐bearing mice and the underlying molecular mechanism.

Materials and Methods

We established subcutaneous transplantation tumor models of prostate cancer to evaluate the tumor inhibition effect of CIR. Investigation of immunophenotype alterations were assessed by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence, western blot, and real‐time quantitative PCR was employed to analyze the activation of cGAS–STING pathway.

Results

CIR showed more powerful tumor growth control than photon irradiation in immunocompetent syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. CIR exerts antitumor effect by triggering immune response, characterized by increased CD4 ⁺ T cells and macrophages in tumor, enhanced CD8 ⁺ T cells and T effector memory cells in spleen, improved IFN‐γ production of CD8 ⁺ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, and reduced exhausted T cells in tumor and spleen. Additionally, production of cytoplasmic double‐stranded DNA, protein levels of p‐TBK1 and p‐IRF3 in the cGAS–STING pathway, and gene expression levels of downstream interferon‐stimulated genes were significantly increased after CIR in a dose‐dependent manner. Treatment of RM1 tumor‐bearing mice with the STING inhibitor C‐176 impaired the antitumor effect of CIR.

Conclusion

The excellent antitumor activity of CIR in immunocompetent prostate cancer‐bearing C57BL/6 mice may be attributed to stronger induction of antitumor immune response and higher activation of cGAS–STING pathway.