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      Toxicity of anthelmintic drugs (fenbendazole and flubendazole) to aquatic organisms

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          Abstract

          Flubendazole (FLU) and fenbendazole (FEN) belong to benzimidazoles—pharmaceuticals widely used in veterinary and human medicine for the treatment of intestinal parasites as well as for the treatment of systemic worm infections. In recent years, usage of these drugs increased, which resulted in a larger contamination of the environment and possible negative effects on biota. Hence, in our research, we investigated an aquatic ecotoxicity of these pharmaceuticals towards: marine bacteria ( Vibrio fischeri), green algae ( Scenedesmus vacuolatus), duckweed ( Lemna minor) and crustacean ( Daphnia magna). Ecotoxicity tests were combined with chemical analysis in order to investigate the actual exposure concentration of the compounds used in the experiment as well as to stability and adsorption studies. As a result, study evaluating sensitivity of different aquatic organisms to these compounds and new ecotoxicological data is presented. The strongest negative impact of FLU and FEN was observed to D. magna.

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          Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment.

          Oscar Peña, Jesus A Araujo, M Montenegro … (2010)
          Pharmaceuticals are biologically active and persistent substances which have been recognized as a continuing threat to environmental stability. Chronic ecotoxicity data as well as information on the current distribution levels in different environmental compartments continue to be sparse and are focused on those therapeutic classes that are more frequently prescribed and consumed. Nevertheless, they indicate the negative impact that these chemical contaminants may have on living organisms, ecosystems and ultimately, public health. This article reviews the different contamination sources as well as fate and both acute and chronic effects on non-target organisms. An extensive review of existing data in the form of tables, encompassing many therapeutic classes is presented. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 193 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects.

            M Cleuvers (2003)
            To evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of ten prescription drugs against aquatic organisms from different taxonornical classes, a set of biotests were performed using the cladoceran Daphnia magna, the chlorophyte Desmodesmus subspicatus and the macrophyte Lemna minor. Endpoints were immobilisation for Daphnia and inhibition of the average growth rate for Desmodesmus and Lemna. For most of the substances, toxicities were moderate, with EC(50)s in the range from 10 to 100 mgl(-1) or even far above, whereas Lemna was the most sensitive test species in the majority of all tested compounds. Tests with combinations of various pharmaceuticals revealed stronger effects than expected from the effects measured singly. Clofibrinic acid and Carbamazepine have been found to act by a non-specific mode of action (non-polar narcosis), and with Daphnia the combination effect of these substances followed the concept of concentration addition, while in the algae test the concept of independent action could be used to calculate the mixture toxicity. The anti-inflammatory drugs Diclofenac and Ibuprofen have also been found to act unspecific by non-polar narcosis and to follow the concept of concentration addition in the algal test as well as in the Daphnia test. The measured toxicities of the tested pharmaceuticals shows that acute effect of single substances in the aquatic environment are very unlikely. But we should keep in mind that considerable combination effects can occur and that toxicity data from chronic studies are needed to assess the environmental risk of drug residues.
            Article 0 comments Cited 144 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Evolutionary conservation of human drug targets in organisms used for environmental risk assessments.

              Lina Gunnarsson, Alexandra Jauhiainen, Erik Kristiansson … (2008)
              Pharmaceuticals are typically found in very low concentrations in the aquatic environment. Accordingly, environmental effects clearly assigned to residual drugs are consistent with high affinity interactions with conserved targets in affected wildlife species rather than with a general toxic effect. Thus, evolutionarily well-conserved targets in a given species are associated with an increased risk. In this study orthologs for 1318 human drug targets were predicted in 16 species of which several are relevant for ecotoxicity testing. The conservation of different functional categories of targets was also analyzed. Zebrafish had orthologs to 86% of the drug targets while only 61% were conserved in Daphnia and 35% in green alga. The predicted presence and absence of orthologs agrees well with published experimental data on the potential for specific drug target interaction in various species. Based on the conservation of targets we propose that aquatic environmental risk assessments for human drugs should always include comprehensive studies on aquatic vertebrates. Furthermore, individual targets, especially enzymes, are well conserved suggesting that tests on evolutionarily distant organisms would be highly relevant for certain drugs. We propose that the results can guide environmental risk assessments by improving the possibilities to identify species sensitive to certain types of pharmaceuticals or to other contaminants that act through well defined mechanisms of action. Moreover, we suggest that the results can be used to interpret the relevance of existing ecotoxicity data.
              Article 0 comments Cited 107 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Anna Białk-Bielińska: (+4858) 5235208 , abialk@chem.univ.gda.pl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Title: Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0944-1344
                ISSN (Electronic): 1614-7499
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 September 2014
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 September 2014
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Volume: 22
                Pages: 2566-2573
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
                [ ]UFT Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
                Author notes

                Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

                Article
                Publisher ID: 3497
                DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3497-0
                PMC ID: 4315879
                PubMed ID: 25189803
                SO-VID: a6982a14-2439-44b0-9257-5ab9671967eb
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2014
                License:

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 23 March 2014
                Date accepted : 20 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: ecotoxicity,flubendazole,fenbendazole,aquatic species,anthelmintic drugs,benzimidazoles
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: ecotoxicity, flubendazole, fenbendazole, aquatic species, anthelmintic drugs, benzimidazoles

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