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      Integrative studies on the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of four new Pleuronema species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia)

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          Abstract

          The ciliate genus Pleuronema comprises approximately 30 nominal species and has been reported in freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats. Nevertheless, recent studies have indicated that there might be a large undiscovered species diversity. In the present work, four new Pleuronema species, namely P. foissneri sp. nov., P. parasmalli sp. nov., P. parasalmastra sp. nov., and P. paraorientale sp. nov., collected from Shenzhen, southern China, was investigated using taxonomic methods. The diagnosis, description, comparisons with morphologically related species and detailed morphometric data are supplied for each. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the four new species is sequenced and their molecular phylogeny is analyzed. The SSU rRNA gene tree shows that Pleuronema is polyphyletic comprising several separate clades. All four new species cluster consistently with P. orientale KF206429, P. puytoraci KF840520 and P. setigerum FJ848874 within the core Pleuronematidae + Peniculistomatidae clade. Phylogenies of Pleuronematidae-related taxa are also discussed.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5.

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          RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies

          Motivation: Phylogenies are increasingly used in all fields of medical and biological research. Moreover, because of the next-generation sequencing revolution, datasets used for conducting phylogenetic analyses grow at an unprecedented pace. RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) is a popular program for phylogenetic analyses of large datasets under maximum likelihood. Since the last RAxML paper in 2006, it has been continuously maintained and extended to accommodate the increasingly growing input datasets and to serve the needs of the user community. Results: I present some of the most notable new features and extensions of RAxML, such as a substantial extension of substitution models and supported data types, the introduction of SSE3, AVX and AVX2 vector intrinsics, techniques for reducing the memory requirements of the code and a plethora of operations for conducting post-analyses on sets of trees. In addition, an up-to-date 50-page user manual covering all new RAxML options is available. Availability and implementation: The code is available under GNU GPL at https://github.com/stamatak/standard-RAxML. Contact: alexandros.stamatakis@h-its.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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            MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.

            MrBayes 3 performs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis combining information from different data partitions or subsets evolving under different stochastic evolutionary models. This allows the user to analyze heterogeneous data sets consisting of different data types-e.g. morphological, nucleotide, and protein-and to explore a wide variety of structured models mixing partition-unique and shared parameters. The program employs MPI to parallelize Metropolis coupling on Macintosh or UNIX clusters.
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              SeaView version 4: A multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building.

              We present SeaView version 4, a multiplatform program designed to facilitate multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree building from molecular sequence data through the use of a graphical user interface. SeaView version 4 combines all the functions of the widely used programs SeaView (in its previous versions) and Phylo_win, and expands them by adding network access to sequence databases, alignment with arbitrary algorithm, maximum-likelihood tree building with PhyML, and display, printing, and copy-to-clipboard of rooted or unrooted, binary or multifurcating phylogenetic trees. In relation to the wide present offer of tools and algorithms for phylogenetic analyses, SeaView is especially useful for teaching and for occasional users of such software. SeaView is freely available at http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/software/seaview.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                xiaozhonghu@ouc.edu.cn
                wsong@ouc.edu.cn
                Journal
                Mar Life Sci Technol
                Mar Life Sci Technol
                Marine Life Science & Technology
                Springer Nature Singapore (Singapore )
                2096-6490
                2662-1746
                12 May 2022
                12 May 2022
                May 2022
                : 4
                : 2
                : 179-200
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.4422.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2152 3263, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, , Ocean University of China, ; Qingdao, 266003 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.4422.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2152 3263, College of Fisheries, , Ocean University of China, ; Qingdao, 266003 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.412498.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 8395, Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, , Shaanxi Normal University, ; Xi’an, 710119 China
                [4 ]Qingdao No. 47 Middle School, Qingdao, 266022 China
                [5 ]GRID grid.56302.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 5396, Zoology Department, College of Science, , King Saud University, ; Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
                [6 ]GRID grid.484590.4, ISNI 0000 0004 5998 3072, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), ; Qingdao, 266237 China
                Author notes

                Edited by Jiamei Li.

                Article
                130
                10.1007/s42995-022-00130-5
                10077198
                37073218
                a67cc9c1-e5e0-459b-9bd8-fd0d9f31f5b3
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 10 December 2021
                : 31 March 2022
                Categories
                Research Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Ocean University of China 2022

                ciliates,ciliature,morphology,new species,pleuronematids,ssu rrna gene

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