‘We are all in the same boat’: a qualitative cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19 pandemic imagery in scientific literature and its use for people working in the German healthcare sector

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Abstract

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic presents a significant challenge to professional responders in healthcare settings. This is reflected in the language used to describe the pandemic in the professional literature of the respective professions. The aim of this multidisciplinary study was to analyze the linguistic imagery in the relevant professional literature and to determine the identification of different professional groups with it and its emotional effects.

Method

A list of 14 typical, widespread and differing imageries for COVID-19 in form of single sentences (e.g., “Until the pandemic is over, we can only run on sight.”) were presented to 1,795 healthcare professionals in an online survey. The imageries had been extracted from a qualitative search in more than 3,500 international professional journals in medicine, psychology and theology. Ratings of agreement with these imageries and feelings about them were subjected to factor analysis.

Results

Based on the list of imageries presented, it was possible to identify three factors for high/low agreement by experiences, and two factors for high/low induced feelings. Broad agreement emerged for imageries on “fight against the crisis” and “lessons learned from the crisis”, while imageries on “acceptance of uncontrollability” tended to be rejected. Imageries of “challenges” tended to lead to a sense of empowerment among subjects, while imageries of “humility” tended to lead to a sense of helplessness.

Conclusion

Based on the qualitative and subsequential quantitative analysis, several factors for imageries for the COVID-19 pandemic were identified that have been used in the literature. Agreement with imageries is mixed, as is the assessment of how helpful they are.

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Most cited references 42

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The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors

R B Cattell (1966)

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A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population.

Bernd Löwe, Inka Wahl, Matthias Rose … (2010)

The 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief self-report questionnaire that consists of a 2-item depression scale (PHQ-2) and a 2-item anxiety scale (GAD-2). Given that PHQ-4, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 have not been validated in the general population, this study aimed to investigate their reliability and validity in a large general population sample and to generate normative data. A nationally representative face-to-face household survey was conducted in Germany in 2006. The survey questionnaire consisted of the PHQ-4, other self-report instruments, and demographic characteristics. Of the 5030 participants (response rate=72.9%), 53.6% were female and mean (SD) age was 48.4 (18.0) years. The sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample closely match those of the total populations in Germany as well as those in the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses showed very good fit indices for a two-factor solution (RMSEA .027; 90% CI .023-.032). All models tested were structurally invariant between different age and gender groups. Construct validity of the PHQ-4, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 was supported by intercorrelations with other self-report scales and with demographic risk factors for depression and anxiety. PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores of 3 corresponded to percentile ranks of 93.4% and 95.2%, respectively, whereas PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores of 5 corresponded to percentile ranks of 99.0% and 99.2%, respectively. A criterion standard diagnostic interview for depression and anxiety was not included. Results from this study support the reliability and validity of the PHQ-4, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 as ultra-brief measures of depression and anxiety in the general population. The normative data provided in this study can be used to compare a subject's scale score with those determined from a general population reference group. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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PTSD symptoms in Healthcare Workers facing the three Coronavirus outbreaks: what can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic

Claudia Carmassi, Claudia Foghi, Valerio Dell'Oste … (2020)

Highlights • Healthcare workers were at high risk of PTSD during pandemics • Risk factors for PTSD may interfere with psychological adaptation during pandemics • Better knowledge may reduce PTSD burden in healthcare workers facing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

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Author and article information

Contributors

Andreas M. Baranowski: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1321879Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:

Rebecca Blank: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2603488Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:

Katja Maus: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1317626Role: Role:

Simone C. Tüttenberg: Role: Role:

Julia-K. Matthias: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2603162Role: Role:

Anna C. Culmann: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2600766Role:

Lukas Radbruch: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1258788Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:

Cornelia Richter: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:

Franziska Geiser: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychiatry

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychiatry

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychiatry

Title: Frontiers in Psychiatry

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-0640

Publication date (Electronic): 05 February 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 15

Electronic Location Identifier: 1296613

Affiliations

[1] ¹Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany

[2] ²Systematic Theology and Hermeneutics, Faculty of Protestant Theology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany

[3] ³Department of Palliative Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany

Author notes

Edited by: Mohammadreza Shalbafan, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Reviewed by: Milena Kriegsmann-Rabe, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg (H-BRS), Germany

Atefeh Zandifar, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran

*Correspondence: Andreas M. Baranowski, andreas.baranowski@ 123456ukbonn.de

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1296613

PMC ID: 10875073

PubMed ID: 38374972

SO-VID: a6607c64-cefc-4d14-8f7f-2200168104ae

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 18 September 2023

Date accepted : 22 January 2024

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 9, Words: 5383

Funding

Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , doi 10.13039/501100001659;

Award ID: GE 1214/4-1

Funded by: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , doi 10.13039/501100008131;

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Bonn.

Custom metadata

section-in-acceptance Public Mental Health

ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

Keywords: covid-19 pandemic,imagery,hcw,healthcare,metaphor,resilience

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

Keywords: covid-19 pandemic, imagery, hcw, healthcare, metaphor, resilience

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‘We are all in the same boat’: a qualitative cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19 pandemic imagery in scientific literature and its use for people working in the German healthcare sector

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 42

The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors

A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population.

PTSD symptoms in Healthcare Workers facing the three Coronavirus outbreaks: what can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic

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