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      Staffing in Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes: Differences by Profit Status and Chain Ownership

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          RÉSUMÉ

          L’Ontario compte la plus forte proportion des maisons de soins infirmiers à but lucratif au Canada. Ces maisons de soins infirmiers, connus en Ontario comme maisons de soins de longue durée (SLD), offrent 24 heures de soins de garde et de soins infirmiers aux personnes qui sont incapables de vivre de façon autonome. De plus en plus, ces installations fonctionnent aussi comme membres de chaînes de multi-établissements, mais elles n’ont pas été largement étudiées au Canada. En utilisant des données longitudinales (1996–2011) de l’Enquête sur les établissements de soins résidentiels ( n = 627), notre analyse a révélé des différences perceptibles dans les niveaux du personnel selon le statut de profit et de l’affiliation aux chaînes. Nous avons trouvé que les maisons SLD à but lucratif – en particulier celles appartenant à une chaîne – ont fournies significativement moins d’heures de soins, après l’ajustement des variations de la nécessité des soins pour les résidents. Les résultats de cette étude offrent des nouveaux renseignements sur l’impact de la structure organisationnelle sur les niveaux de personnel dans les foyers de SLD de l’Ontario, et ont des implications pour d’autres juridictions où la présence de plus en plus d’opérateurs privés affiliés à des chaînes a été observée.

          ABSTRACT

          Ontario has the highest proportion of for-profit nursing homes in Canada. These facilities, which are known in Ontario as long-term care (LTC) homes, offer 24-hour custodial as well as nursing care to individuals who cannot live independently. Increasingly, they are also operating as members of multi-facility chains. Using longitudinal data (1996–2011) from the Residential Care Facilities Survey ( n = 627), our analysis revealed discernible differences in staffing levels by profit status and chain affiliation. We found for-profit LTC homes – especially those owned by a chain organization – provided significantly fewer hours of care, after adjusting for variation in the residents’ care needs. Findings from this study offer new information on the impact of organizational structure on staffing levels in Ontario’s LTC homes and have implications for other jurisdictions where a growing presence of private, chain-affiliated operators has been observed.

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          Most cited references45

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          Quality of care in for-profit and not-for-profit nursing homes: systematic review and meta-analysis

          Objective To compare quality of care in for-profit and not-for-profit nursing homes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled trials investigating quality of care in for-profit versus not-for-profit nursing homes. Results A comprehensive search yielded 8827 citations, of which 956 were judged appropriate for full text review. Study characteristics and results of 82 articles that met inclusion criteria were summarised, and results for the four most frequently reported quality measures were pooled. Included studies reported results dating from 1965 to 2003. In 40 studies, all statistically significant comparisons (P<0.05) favoured not-for-profit facilities; in three studies, all statistically significant comparisons favoured for-profit facilities, and the remaining studies had less consistent findings. Meta-analyses suggested that not-for-profit facilities delivered higher quality care than did for-profit facilities for two of the four most frequently reported quality measures: more or higher quality staffing (ratio of effect 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.14, P<0.001) and lower pressure ulcer prevalence (odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 0.98, P=0.02). Non-significant results favouring not-for-profit homes were found for the two other most frequently used measures: physical restraint use (odds ratio 0.93, 0.82 to 1.05, P=0.25) and fewer deficiencies in governmental regulatory assessments (ratio of effect 0.90, 0.78 to 1.04, P=0.17). Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence suggests that, on average, not-for-profit nursing homes deliver higher quality care than do for-profit nursing homes. Many factors may, however, influence this relation in the case of individual institutions.
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            Nursing home staffing and its relationship to deficiencies.

            The authors examined the relationships between different types of nursing home staffing and nursing home deficiencies to test the hypothesis that fewer staff hours would be associated with higher numbers of deficiencies. Data were from the On-Line Survey, Certification, and Reporting System for all certified nursing homes in the United States. Regression models examined total deficiencies, quality of care, quality of life, and other deficiencies. Fewer registered nurse hours and nursing assistant hours were associated with total deficiencies and quality of care deficiencies, when other variables were controlled. Fewer nursing assistant staff and other care staff hours were associated with quality of life deficiencies. Fewer administrative staff hours were associated with other deficiencies. Facilities that had more depressed and demented residents, that were smaller, and that were nonprofit or government-owned had fewer deficiencies. Facilities with more residents with urinary incontinence and pressure sores and with higher percentages of Medicaid residents had more deficiencies, when staffing and resident characteristics were controlled. Facility characteristics and states were stronger predictors of deficiencies than were staffing hours and resident characteristics. Because only a small portion of the total variance in deficiencies could be explained, much work remains to explore factors that influence deficiencies.
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              Nurse staffing and deficiencies in the largest for-profit nursing home chains and chains owned by private equity companies.

              To compare staffing levels and deficiencies of the 10 largest U.S. for-profit nursing home chains with five other ownership groups and chain staffing and deficiencies before and after purchase by four private equity (PE) companies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement
                Can. J. Aging
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                0714-9808
                1710-1107
                June 2016
                May 25 2016
                June 2016
                : 35
                : 2
                : 175-189
                Article
                10.1017/S0714980816000192
                27223577
                a5dccf6f-6b92-4781-a955-2335c667fc95
                © 2016

                https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms

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