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      Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review

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          Abstract

          In preterm infants, poor postnatal growth is associated with adverse neurocognitive outcomes; conversely, rapid postnatal growth is supposedly harmful for future development of metabolic diseases.

          Conclusion

          In this systematic review, observational studies reported consistent positive associations between postnatal weight or head growth and neurocognitive outcomes; however, there was limited evidence from the few intervention studies. Evidence linking postnatal weight gain to later adiposity and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in preterm infants was also limited.

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          Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants.

          Betty R. Vohr, Alastair Poole, Lisa Wrage … (2006)
          The objectives of this study were to assess whether (1) in-hospital growth velocity is predictive of neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age among extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants and (2) in-hospital growth velocity contributes to these outcomes after controlling for confounding demographic and clinical variables. Infants 501 to 1000 g birth weight from a multicenter cohort study were divided into quartiles of in-hospital growth velocity rates. Variables considered for the logistic-regression models included gender, race, gestational age, small for gestational age, mother's education, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, age at regaining birth weight, necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset infection, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, postnatal steroid therapy for pulmonary disease, and center. Of the 600 discharged infants, 495 (83%) were evaluated at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. As the rate of weight gain increased between quartile 1 and quartile 4, from 12.0 to 21.2 g/kg per day, the incidence of cerebral palsy, Bayley II Mental Developmental Index (MDI) <70 and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) <70, abnormal neurologic examination, neurodevelopmental impairment, and need for rehospitalization fell significantly. Similar findings were observed as the rate of head circumference growth increased. The in-hospital rate of growth was associated with the likelihood of anthropometric measurements at 18 months' corrected age below the 10th percentile values of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth curve. Logistic-regression analyses, controlling for potential demographic or clinical cofounders, and adjusted for center, identified a significant relationship between growth velocity and the likelihood of cerebral palsy, MDI and PDI scores of <70, and neurodevelopmental impairment. These analyses suggest that growth velocity during an ELBW infant's NICU hospitalization exerts a significant, and possibly independent, effect on neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age.
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            Developmental origins of metabolic disease: life course and intergenerational perspectives.

            Keith M. Godfrey, Peter D. Gluckman, Mark Hanson (2010)
            Recent evidence demonstrates important maternal effects on an offspring's risk of developing metabolic disease. These effects extend across the full range of maternal environments and partly involve epigenetic mechanisms. The maternal effects can be explained in evolutionary terms, and there is some evidence for their transmission into succeeding generations. Unbalanced maternal diet or body composition, ranging from poor to rich environments, adversely influences the offspring's response to later challenges such as an obesogenic diet or physical inactivity, increasing the risk of disease. Adopting a life course approach that takes into account intergenerational effects has important implications for prevention of non-communicable diseases, particularly in populations undergoing rapid economic transition. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Glucose regulation in young adults with very low birth weight.

              Johan Eriksson, Sture Andersson, Sonja Strang-Karlsson … (2007)
              The association between small size at birth and impaired glucose regulation later in life is well established in persons born at term. Preterm birth with very low birth weight (<1500 g) is also associated with insulin resistance in childhood. If insulin resistance persists into adulthood, preterm birth with very low birth weight also may be associated with an increased risk of disease in adulthood. We assessed glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and measured serum lipid levels and blood pressure in young adults with very low birth weight. We performed a standard 75-g oral glucose-tolerance test, measuring insulin and glucose concentrations at baseline and at 120 minutes in 163 young adults (age range, 18 to 27 years) with very low birth weight and in 169 subjects who had been born at term and were not small for gestational age. The two groups were similar with regard to age, sex, and birth hospital. We measured blood pressure and serum lipid levels, and in 150 very-low-birth-weight subjects and 136 subjects born at term, we also measured body composition by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. As compared with the subjects born at term, the very-low-birth-weight subjects had a 6.7% increase in the 2-hour glucose concentration (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 12.9), a 16.7% increase in the fasting insulin concentration (95% CI, 4.6 to 30.2), a 40.0% increase in the 2-hour insulin concentration (95% CI, 17.5 to 66.8), an 18.9% increase in the insulin-resistance index determined by homeostatic model assessment (95% CI, 5.7 to 33.7), and an increase of 4.8 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (95% CI, 2.1 to 7.4). Adjustment for the lower lean body mass in the very-low-birth-weight subjects did not attenuate these relationships. Young adults with a very low birth weight have higher indexes of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and higher blood pressure than those born at term. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Paediatr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Paediatr
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1651-2227
                Journal ID (publisher-id): APA
                Title: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0803-5253
                ISSN (Electronic): 1651-2227
                Publication date (Print): October 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 September 2015
                Volume: 104
                Issue: 10 ( doiID: 10.1111/apa.2015.104.issue-10 )
                Pages: 974-986
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge CambridgeUK
                [ 2 ] Institute of Child HealthUCL LondonUK
                [ 3 ]Nestlé Research Center LausanneSwitzerland
                [ 4 ]DSM‐Martek Division DundeeUK
                [ 5 ] MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust SouthamptonUK
                [ 6 ]University of Munich MünchenGermany
                [ 7 ]Formerly ILSI Europe BrusselsBelgium
                [ 8 ] Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic SciencesUniversity of Cambridge CambridgeUK
                [ 9 ]Abbott Nutrition GranadaSpain
                [ 10 ]Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute NijmegenThe Netherlands
                [ 11 ] Nutricia ResearchDanone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition SingaporeSingapore
                [ 12 ]University of Utrecht UtrechtThe Netherlands
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Ken K. Ong, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.

                Tel: +32 2 771 00 14 ¦

                Fax: +32 2 762 00 44 ¦

                Email: publications@ 123456ilsieurope.be

                Article
                Publisher ID: APA13128
                DOI: 10.1111/apa.13128
                PMC ID: 5054880
                PubMed ID: 26179961
                SO-VID: a5dadece-0196-4868-964a-6793a2474e2a
                Copyright © © 2015 ILSI Europe. Acta Pædiatrica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation Acta Pædiatrica
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 02 March 2015
                Date revision received : 20 May 2015
                Date accepted : 09 July 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: ILSI Europe Metabolic Imprinting Task Force
                Funded by: NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre
                Funded by: European Union's Seventh Framework Programme
                Award ID: FP7/2007‐2013
                Funded by: EarlyNutrition
                Award ID: 289346
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Review Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id apa13128
                cover-date October 2015
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.4 mode:remove_FC converted:07.10.2016

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: feeding,growth velocity,health,postnatal,preterm newborn
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: feeding, growth velocity, health, postnatal, preterm newborn

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