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      Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken Translated title: Virus de la bronchite infectieuse: immunopathogènie de l'infection chez le poulet Translated title: Virus der infektösen Bronchitis: Immunpathogenese der Infektion beim Huhn Translated title: Virus de la bronquitis infecciosa: Inmunopatogenia de la infeccion en la gallina

      review-article
      1 ,
      Avian Pathology
      Taylor & Francis

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          SUMMARY

          The immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in the chicken is reviewed. While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Some strains replicate in the intestine but apparently without pathological changes. Pectoral myopathy has been associated with an important recent variant. Several factors can influence the course of infection with IBV, including the age, breed and nutrition of the chicken, the environment and intercurrent infection with other infectious agents. Immunogenic components of the virus include the S (spike) proteins and the N nucleoprotein. The humoral, local and cellular responses of the chicken to IBV are reviewed, together with genetic resistance of the chicken. In long-term persistence of IBV, the caecal tonsil or kidney have been proposed as the sites of persistence. Antigenic variation among IBV strains is related to relatively small differences in amino acid sequences in the S1 spike protein. However, antigenic studies alone do not adequately define immunological relationships between strains and cross-immunisation studies have been used to classify IBV isolates into ‘protectotypes’. It has been speculated that changes in the S1 protein may be related to differences in tissue tropisms shown by different strains. Perhaps in the future, new strains of IBV may arise which affect organs or systems not normally associated with IB.

          RÉSUMÉ

          L'immunopathogénie du virus de la bronchite infectieuse (IBV) chez le poulet fait l'objet d'un bilan. Bien que la bronchite infectieuse (IB) soit d'abord considérée comme une maladie du système respiratoire, différentes souches d'IBV peuvent montrer des tropismes tissulaires variables et affectent aussi l'oviducte et les reins avec des conséquences sérieuses. Quelques souches se multiplient dans l'intestin mais apparemment sans troubles pathologiques. Une myopathie pectorale a été associée à l'apparition récente d'un virus variant important. Différents facteurs peuvent influencer le cours de l'infection par l'IBV, incluant l'âge, la variété commerciale et l'alimentation des poulets, l'environnement et les infections intercurrentes dues à d'autres agents infectieux. Les composants immunogéniques du virus incluent les protéines S (de spicule) et la nucléoprotéine N. Les réponses humorales, locale et cellulaire du poulet à l'IBV sont étudiées, ainsi que la résistance génétique. En ce qui concerne la persistance à long terme de l'IBV, les amygdales caecales ou les reins ont été proposés pour être des sites de persistance. La variation antigénique parmi lès souches d'IBV est reliée à des différences relativement faibles au niveau de la séquence en acides aminés de la protéine de la spicule S1. Néanmoins, les études antigéniques seules ne définissent pas de façon adéquat les relations immunologiques existant entre les souches, et des essais d'immunisation croisées ont été utilisés pour classer les isolats d'IBV en ‘protectotypes’. Il a été spéculé que les changements au niveau de la protéine S1 peuvent être reliés à des différences de tropismes tissulaires mises en évidence pour certaines souches. Dans le futur, de nouvelles souches pourraient apparaître et affecter des organes ou systèmes non-habituellement associés à l'IB.

          ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

          Es wird eine Übersicht über die Immunpathogenese der Bronchitisvirus (IBV)-Infektion beim Huhn gegeben. Obwohl die infektiöse Bronchitis (IB) primär als eine Erkrankung des Respirationstraktes angesehen wird, können verschiedene IBV-Stämme unterschiedliche Geweb-stropismen aufweisen und, mit ernsten Folgen, auch den Eileiter und die Nieren befallen. Manche Stämme vermehren sich im Darm, anscheinend aber ohne pathologische Veränderungen. Pektorale Myopathie ist mit einer wichtigen neuen Variante in Verbindung gebracht worden. Mehrere Faktoren können den Verlauf der Infektion mit IBV beeinflussen und umfassen das Alter, die Rasse und die Fütterung des Huhnes, die Umgebung und die interkurrente Infektion mit anderen Infektionserregern. Die immunogenen Bestandteile des Virus sind die S (spike)-Proteine und das N-Nukleoprotein. Die humoralen, lokalen und zellulären Reaktionen des Huhnes gegen IBV sowie die genetische Resistenz des Huhnes werden besprochen. Bei der langfristigen IBV-Persistenz sind die Blinddarmtonsillen oder die Nieren als Orte der Persistenz vermutet worden. Die Antigenvariation bei IBV-Stämmen hängt mit relativ kleinen Unterschieden der Aminosäuresequenzen im Spike-Protein S1 zusammen. Antigenuntersuchungen alleine reichen jedoch nicht aus, um immunologische Beziehungen zwischen Virusstämmen ausreichend zu definieren, und Kreuzimmunisierungsversuche sind benutzt worden, um IBV-Isolate in ‘Protektotypen’ zu klassifizieren. Es sind Vermutungen darüber angestellt worden, daß Veränderungen im Spike-Protein S1 eine Beziehung zu Unterschieden der Gewebstropismen, die verschiedene Stämme aufweisen, haben könnten. Vielleicht könnten in der Zukunft neue IBV-Stämme auftauchen, die Organe oder Systeme befallen, welche normalerweise keinen Zusammenhang mit der IB haben.

          RESUMEN

          Se revisa la inmunopatogenia de la infeccion por el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa en la gallina. Mientras que la bronquitis infecciosa (IB) es considerada primariamente una enfer-medad del aparato respiratorio, distintas cepas de IBV pueden mostrar tropismos diversos y afectar tambien al oviducto y el riñón con consecuencias serias. Algunas cepas se replican en el intestino pero aparentemente sin producir lesiones. Una reciente variante de IBV ha sido relacionada con la miopatia pectoral. Diversos factores pueden influir el euros de la infección por IBV incluyendo la edad, estirpe y estado nutritivo del ave, el medio ambiente e infecciones intercurrentes con otros agentes infecciosos. Los componentes inmunogénicos del virus incluyen las proteinas S y la nucleoproteína N. Se revisan las respuestas inmunes humorales y celulares de las gallinas frente a IBV asi como la resistencia genética de la gallina. En situaciones de persistencia de IBV se considera que las tonsilas cecales o el riñón son los lugares probables de acantonamiento. Las variaciones antigénicas entre las distintas cepas de IBV están en relatión con diferencias aminoacidicas pequeñas en la proteína S1. No obstante, los estudios antigenicos por si solos no son capaces de definir adecuadamente las relaciones entre las cepas, y se han utilizado estudios de inmunización cruzada para clasificar los aislamientos de IBV en “protectotipos”. Se especula que los cambios en la proteína S1 puedan estar relacionados con las diferencias en el tropismo tisular que presentan ciertas cepas. Probablemente en el futuro se aislarán nuevas cepas de IBV que afecten a organos o sistemas no asociados normalmente con IB.

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          Most cited references196

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          Location of antigenic sites defined by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies on the S1 avian infectious bronchitis virus glycopolypeptide.

          Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against five antigenic sites on the spike (S) S1 glycopolypeptide of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were used to select neutralization-resistant variants of the virus. By comparing the nucleotide sequence of such variants with the sequence of the IBV parent strain, we located five antigenic sites on the amino acid sequence of the S1 glycopolypeptide. The variants had mutations within three regions corresponding to amino acid residues 24 to 61, 132 to 149 and 291 to 398 of the S1 glycopolypeptide. The location of three overlapping antigenic sites on the IBV spike protein was similar to the location of antigenic sites on the spike protein of other coronaviruses.
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            Location of the amino acid differences in the S1 spike glycoprotein subunit of closely related serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus.

            Four UK strains of three different serotypes were found to differ by only 2-3% of their S1 amino acids. The S1 sequences were also very similar to those of three Dutch isolates (D207, D274 and D3896), the greatest difference between two of the seven isolates being 4.4%. The few amino acid differences between the seven isolates were located largely between residues 19-122 and 251-347 of the mature S1 subunit. The seven isolates could be differentiated using 16 monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Some virus neutralizing (VN) antibody-inducing epitopes were common to all seven isolates even though the strains had been differentiated into three serotypes by polyclonal sera. The results indicate that the most antigenic of the VN antibody-inducing epitopes are formed by very few amino acids and that these occur in the first and third quarters of the S1 subunit. We suggest that serology-based epizootiological studies of IBV should, therefore, be augmented by the inclusion of nucleic acid sequencing and/or monoclonal antibody analysis.
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              Coronavirus IBV: virus retaining spike glycopolypeptide S2 but not S1 is unable to induce virus-neutralizing or haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody, or induce chicken tracheal protection.

              Avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) inactivated by beta-propiolactone induced partial protection of the trachea in up to 40% of chickens following one intramuscular inoculation 4 to 6 weeks prior to challenge. Retention of an intact tracheal ciliated epithelium 4 days after challenge was the criterion of protection. There was no correlation between protection and serum titres of virus-neutralizing (VN) and haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody, which were maximal at about 4 weeks after inoculation. Virus from which the S1 but not the S2 (spike-anchoring) spike glycopolypeptide had been removed by urea did not induce protection or VN or HI antibody. Four intramuscular inoculations of monomeric S1 induced VN and HI antibody in two and four chickens respectively. These results indicate that VN and HI antibodies are induced primarily by S1, that intact spikes are a major requirement for the induction of protective immunity and that this property is probably associated with S1.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Avian Pathol
                Avian Pathol
                CAVP
                cavp20
                Avian Pathology
                Taylor & Francis
                0307-9457
                1465-3338
                1997
                12 November 2007
                : 26
                : 4
                : 677-706
                Affiliations
                University of Liverpool, Department of Veterinary Pathology , Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral L64 7TE, UK
                Author notes
                [1 ]Present address: Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Department of Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College , Madras 600-007, India.
                Article
                8419246
                10.1080/03079459708419246
                7154304
                18483939
                a593d416-e80d-4d78-aebc-2befb64aa2e5
                © 1997 Houghton Trust Ltd

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                : 06 November 1996
                : 21 February 1997
                Page count
                Pages: 30
                Categories
                Review Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                Animal science & Zoology

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