Tara Carney:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0565
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Seul Ki Choi: Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft
Rob Stephenson: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
Jose A. Bauermeister:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9276-2306
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
Adam W. Carrico: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
Daniel Demant: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLOS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
28
September
2023
Publication date Collection: 2023
Volume: 18
Issue: 9
Electronic Location Identifier: e0290781
Affiliations
[1
]
Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Drug Research Unit, South African
Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
[2
]
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Division of Addiction Psychiatry, University
of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
[3
]
Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
[4
]
School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
[5
]
Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University,
Miami, Florida, United States of America
University of Technology Sydney, AUSTRALIA
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-22-30812
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290781
PMC ID: 10538794
PubMed ID: 37768906
SO-VID: a581435b-cedf-4dbf-aef8-4a0177de9679
Copyright © © 2023 Carney et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by:
funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000026, National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Award ID: 5R01DA041032-02
Award Recipient
:
Rob Stephenson
The primary funder (R Stephenson) of this study is the United States National Institute
on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (5R01DA041032-02); the study protocol underwent peer-review by
the funding body. The content is solely the work of the authors and does not necessarily
reflect the views of NIDA, who did not have a role in the study design, data collection
and analysis plans, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Behavioral Pharmacology
Subject:
Recreational Drug Use
Subject:
Cannabis
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Immunodeficiency Viruses
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
RNA viruses
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical Microbiology
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial Pathogens
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral Pathogens
Subject:
Retroviruses
Subject:
Lentivirus
Subject:
HIV
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic Medicine
Subject:
Virus Testing
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Mental Health and Psychiatry
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Epidemiology
Subject:
Medical Risk Factors
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Drugs
Subject:
Analgesics
Subject:
Opioids
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pain Management
Subject:
Analgesics
Subject:
Opioids
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pharmacology
Subject:
Drugs
Subject:
Opioids
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Public and occupational health
Subject:
Preventive medicine
Subject:
HIV prevention
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic medicine
Subject:
HIV diagnosis and management
