Cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent farmer

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Abstract

Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis due to the genus Sporothrix. Cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis is an unusual clinical form that often affects immunocompromised patients. We report a case of cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent famer from a rural region of Madagascar, treated successfully with Itraconazole 200mg twice a day. This case highlights the role of multiple inoculation affecting different parts of the body as a risk factor of cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent individually.

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Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision

Felix Bongomin, Sara Gago, Rita Oladele … (2017)

Fungal diseases kill more than 1.5 million and affect over a billion people. However, they are still a neglected topic by public health authorities even though most deaths from fungal diseases are avoidable. Serious fungal infections occur as a consequence of other health problems including asthma, AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation and corticosteroid therapies. Early accurate diagnosis allows prompt antifungal therapy; however this is often delayed or unavailable leading to death, serious chronic illness or blindness. Recent global estimates have found 3,000,000 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, ~223,100 cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating HIV/AIDS, ~700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, ~500,000 cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, ~250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, ~100,000 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, over 10,000,000 cases of fungal asthma and ~1,000,000 cases of fungal keratitis occur annually. Since 2013, the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) portal has facilitated the estimation of the burden of serious fungal infections country by country for over 5.7 billion people (>80% of the world’s population). These studies have shown differences in the global burden between countries, within regions of the same country and between at risk populations. Here we interrogate the accuracy of these fungal infection burden estimates in the 43 published papers within the LIFE initiative.

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Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis.

M. Barros, R. de Almeida Paes, A. Schubach (2011)

Sporotrichosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, is currently distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical zones. Infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Certain leisure and occupational activities, such as floriculture, agriculture, mining, and wood exploitation, are traditionally associated with the mycosis. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since the end of the 1990s there has been an epidemic of sporotrichosis associated with transmission by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 2,000 human cases and 3,000 animal cases have been reported. In humans, the lesions are usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. In cats, the disease can evolve with severe clinical manifestations and frequent systemic involvement. The gold standard for sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture. However, serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection. The first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.

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Vesicular transport in Histoplasma capsulatum: an effective mechanism for trans-cell wall transfer of proteins and lipids in ascomycetes.

Priscila Costa Albuquerque, Ernesto Nakayasu, Marcio L Rodrigues … (2008)

Vesicular secretion of macromolecules has recently been described in the basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans, raising the question as to whether ascomycetes similarly utilize vesicles for transport. In the present study, we examine whether the clinically important ascomycete Histoplasma capsulatum produce vesicles and utilized these structures to secrete macromolecules. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows transcellular secretion of vesicles by yeast cells. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of vesicles isolated from culture supernatants reveal a rich collection of macromolecules involved in diverse processes, including metabolism, cell recycling, signalling and virulence. The results demonstrate that H. capsulatum can utilize a trans-cell wall vesicular transport secretory mechanism to promote virulence. Additionally, TEM of supernatants collected from Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Sporothrix schenckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae documents that vesicles are similarly produced by additional ascomycetes. The vesicles from H. capsulatum react with immune serum from patients with histoplasmosis, providing an association of the vesicular products with pathogenesis. The findings support the proposal that vesicular secretion is a general mechanism in fungi for the transport of macromolecules related to virulence and that this process could be a target for novel therapeutics.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Mendrika Fifaliana Rakotoarisaona

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Mycol Case Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Mycol Case Rep

Title: Medical Mycology Case Reports

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Electronic): 2211-7539

Publication date PMC-release: 05 January 2024

Publication date Collection: March 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 05 January 2024

Volume: 43

Electronic Location Identifier: 100626

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar

[b ]Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Author notes

[∗ ]Corresponding author. lulubslj@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher Item ID: S2211-7539(23)00058-1 Publisher ID: 100626

DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2023.100626

PMC ID: 10821580

PubMed ID: 38283390

SO-VID: a53cfb76-3c2c-43c7-8a90-189ae95f2664

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

History

Date received : 7 December 2023

Date revision received : 17 December 2023

Date accepted : 28 December 2023

Cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent farmer

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Abstract

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European Journal of Medical Case Reports (EJMCR)

Most cited references 20

Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases—Estimate Precision

Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis.

Vesicular transport in Histoplasma capsulatum: an effective mechanism for trans-cell wall transfer of proteins and lipids in ascomycetes.

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