Violência e saúde: contribuições teóricas, metodológicas e éticas de estudos da violência contra a mulher

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Abstract

Tecem-se considerações teóricas, metodológicas e éticas acerca da violência contra a mulher como violência de gênero e objeto da Saúde Coletiva. São reflexões epistemológicas com base em cotidianos de pesquisas, com base em investigações qualitativas e quantitativas, populacional e com usuários de serviços de saúde, abordando-se mulheres e homens. Define-se a violência como tema complexo e sensível, de qualidade médico-social quanto à sua tomada teórico-metodológica, apontando-se a interdisciplinaridade como referencial para sua construção como objeto da saúde. Discutem-se as dificuldades na articulação de distintas ciências, metodologias e perspectivas teóricas. Aponta-se também a especial dinâmica entre o visível e o invisível em violência, com implicações para os desenhos de pesquisa, em particular na delimitação do empírico, o que se torna uma relevante questão diante das necessidades tecnológicas da intervenção em Saúde. Essas especificidades da violência colocam ainda questões éticas particulares para a produção do conhecimento, havendo necessidade de cuidados especiais como parte da qualidade metodológica da pesquisa. A ética da pesquisa mostra-se igualmente responsável pela cientificidade dos dados produzidos. Situações das pesquisas realizadas ilustram as considerações desenvolvidas.

Translated abstract

This article discusses theoretical, methodological, and ethical aspects pertaining to violence against women as both a form of gender violence and a public health issue. The text provides epistemological reflections based on daily research experience with qualitative and quantitative, population-based, and service-user studies that address both women and men. Violence is defined as a complex and sensitive theme of a medical and social nature in terms of its theoretical-methodological approach, pointing to interdisciplinarity as the reference for its construction as an object of health. The article discusses the difficulties in linking the various sciences, methodologies, and theoretical perspectives. It also highlights the special dynamic between visible and invisible violence, with implications for research design, particularly for demarcating the object of study, a relevant issue given the technological needs of health intervention. These specificities of violence raise further ethical issues for the production of knowledge, and there is a need for special care as part of methodological quality in the research. Research ethics is also responsible for the scientificity of the resulting data. Situations stemming from specific studies are used to illustrate the article's commentary.

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Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework.

L. L. HEISE (1998)

This article encourages the widespread adoption of an integrated, ecological framework for understanding the origins of gender-based violence. An ecological approach to abuse conceptualizes violence as a multifaceted phenomenon grounded in an interplay among personal, situational, and sociocultural factors. Although drawing on the conceptual advances of earlier theorists, this article goes beyond their work in three significant ways. First, it uses the ecological framework as a heuristic tool to organize the existing research base into an intelligible whole. Whereas other theorists present the framework as a way to think about violence, few have attempted to establish what factors emerge as predictive of abuse at each level of the social ecology. Second, this article integrates results from international and cross-cultural research together with findings from North American social science. And finally, the framework draws from findings related to all types of physical and sexual abuse of women to encourage a more integrated approach to theory building regarding gender-based abuse.