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      Elevated Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels in Normal Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Purpose. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the association between the plasma endothelin-1 level and the risks of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods. Relevant publications were collected from three databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science through December 31, 2015. In this study, the terms “(endothelin OR ET) AND glaucoma” were searched. Review Manager 5.2 was used to process the data. Results. Seven studies (212 cases, 164 controls) were included for the NTG analysis. The mean plasma endothelin-1 level in the NTG subjects was 0.60 pg/mL ( p = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.17–1.04) higher than that of the healthy controls. Six studies (160 cases, 174 controls) were included for the POAG analysis, and the endothelin-1 level was 0.63 pg/mL ( p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.12–1.15) higher in the POAG subjects than in the healthy controls. Additionally, two studies influenced the meta-analysis results regarding the association of plasma endothelin-1 with POAG by sensitivity analysis, and the probability of publication bias was low. Conclusions. The observation that NTG and POAG subjects showed significantly elevated endothelin-1 plasma concentrations suggests that a higher plasma level of endothelin-1 might increase the risk of NTG and POAG development.

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          The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

          Kristopher S Cunningham, Avrum Gotlieb (2005)
          Although the pathobiology of atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial process, blood flow-induced shear stress has emerged as an essential feature of atherogenesis. This fluid drag force acting on the vessel wall is mechanotransduced into a biochemical signal that results in changes in vascular behavior. Maintenance of a physiologic, laminar shear stress is known to be crucial for normal vascular functioning, which includes the regulation of vascular caliber as well as inhibition of proliferation, thrombosis and inflammation of the vessel wall. Thus, shear stress is atheroprotective. It is also recognized that disturbed or oscillatory flows near arterial bifurcations, branch ostia and curvatures are associated with atheroma formation. Additionally, vascular endothelium has been shown to have different behavioral responses to altered flow patterns both at the molecular and cellular levels and these reactions are proposed to promote atherosclerosis in synergy with other well-defined systemic risk factors. Nonlaminar flow promotes changes to endothelial gene expression, cytoskeletal arrangement, wound repair, leukocyte adhesion as well as to the vasoreactive, oxidative and inflammatory states of the artery wall. Disturbed shear stress also influences the site selectivity of atherosclerotic plaque formation as well as its associated vessel wall remodeling, which can affect plaque vulnerability, stent restenosis and smooth muscle cell intimal hyperplasia in venous bypass grafts. Thus, shear stress is critically important in regulating the atheroprotective, normal physiology as well as the pathobiology and dysfunction of the vessel wall through complex molecular mechanisms that promote atherogenesis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 235 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group.

            S. Drance, R Anderson, M. Schulzer (1998)
            In a companion paper, we determined that intraocular pressure is part of the pathogenesis of normal-tension glaucoma by analyzing the effect of a 30% intraocular pressure reduction on the subsequent course of the disease. We report an intent-to-treat analysis of the study data to determine the effectiveness of pressure reduction. One eligible eye of 145 subjects with normal-tension glaucoma was randomized either to no treatment (control) or to a 30% intraocular pressure reduction from baseline. To be eligible for randomization, the normal-tension glaucoma eyes had to show documented progression of field defects or a new disk hemorrhage or had to have field defects that threatened fixation when first presented for the study. Survival analysis compared time to progression of all randomly assigned patients during the course of follow-up from the initial baseline at randomization. In a separate analysis, data of patients developing cataracts were censored at the time that cataract produced 2 lines of Snellen visual acuity loss. Visual field progression occurred at indistinguishable rates in the pressure-lowered (22/66) and the untreated control (31/79) arms of the study (P = .21). In an analysis with data censored when cataract affected visual acuity, visual field progression was significantly more common in the untreated group (21/79) compared with the treated group (8/66). An overall survival analysis showed a survival of 80% in the treated arm and of 60% in the control arm at 3 years, and 80% in the treated arm and 40% in the controls at 5 years. The Kaplan-Meier curves were significantly different (P = .0018). The analyses gave different results because of a higher incidence of cataract in the group that underwent filtration surgery. The favorable effect of intraocular pressure reduction on progression of visual change in normal-tension glaucoma was only found when the impact of cataracts on visual field progression, produced largely by surgery, was removed. Lowering intraocular pressure without producing cataracts is beneficial. Because not all untreated patients progressed, the natural history of normal-tension glaucoma must be considered before embarking on intraocular pressure reduction with therapy apt to exacerbate cataract formation unless normal-tension glaucoma threatens serious visual loss.
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              Vascular risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma: the Egna-Neumarkt Study.

              L Bonomi (2000)
              To assess the impact of vascular risk factors on the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma. Population-based cross-sectional study. Four thousand two hundred ninety-seven patients more than 40 years of age underwent a complete ocular examination in the context of the Egna-Neumarkt Glaucoma Study. Ocular examinations were performed by trained, quality-controlled ophthalmologists according to a predefined standardized protocol including medical interview, blood pressure reading, applanation tonometry, computerized perimetry, and optic nerve head examination. Prevalences of ocular hypertension, primary open-angle glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma, and other types of glaucoma were determined. Correlation coefficients were calculated for the association between systemic blood pressure and age-adjusted intraocular pressure (IOP) and between age and both intraocular and systemic blood pressures. Odds ratios were computed to assess the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma in relation to systemic hypertension or antihypertensive medication, blood pressure levels, diastolic perfusion pressure, and a number of other cardiovascular risk factors. A positive correlation was found between systemic blood pressure and IOP, and an association was found between diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma and systemic hypertension. Lower diastolic perfusion pressure is associated with a marked, progressive increase in the frequency of hypertensive glaucoma. No relationship was found between systemic diseases of vascular origin and glaucoma. Our data are in line with those reported in other recent epidemiologic studies and show that reduced diastolic perfusion pressure is an important risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma.
              Article 0 comments Cited 156 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JOPH
                Title: Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-004X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-0058
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 November 2016
                Volume: 2016
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2678017
                Affiliations
                1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                2Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                3State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                4Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                5Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                Author notes
                *Wenjun Cao: wgkjyk@ 123456aliyun.com and

                Academic Editor: Jesús Pintor

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2355-2970
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-1389
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2016/2678017
                PMC ID: 5124679
                PubMed ID: 27965889
                SO-VID: a4f09487-5080-4320-8573-a68746546cac
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Shengjie Li et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 May 2016
                Date revision received : 28 September 2016
                Date accepted : 12 October 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Shanghai Health Bureau
                Award ID: 20124093
                Funded by: Fudan University
                Award ID: EENT-2009-21
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81020108017
                Award ID: 81430007
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

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