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      Overnutrition and Associated Factors Among High School Adolescents in Mid COVID-19 Pandemic in Ethiopia: Neglected Public Health Concern

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          Abstract

          Background

          Adolescent overnutrition is becoming a global public health problem, increasing at an alarming rate in developing countries. Overnutrition increases the risks of serious diet-related chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. However, there is limited evidence on the magnitude and risk factors of overnutrition in the study area.

          Objective

          To determine the magnitude of overnutrition and associated factors among school adolescents in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2021 among 498 adolescent students selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. A systematic random sampling technique was employed. Self-administered questionnaires, including food frequency and anthropometric measurement, were used to collect the data. The BMI-for-age Z score was calculated using the WHO Anthro-Plus. A binary logistic regression model was fitted with an odds ratio, and 95% confidence levels. Statistical significance is declared at a p-value below 0.05.

          Results

          A total of 498 (98.4%) were included with the overall prevalence of overnutrition of 26.1% (95% CI: 22.3–29.9), where 23.7% and 2.4% had overweight and obesity, respectively. Being female (AOR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.65–6.63), attending at private school (AOR = 4.97; 95% CI: 1.72–14.35), having sweet food preferences (AOR = 6.26; 95% CI: 3.14–12.5), snacking (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.11–8.36), sedentary behavior (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.67–6.09), and eating while watching TV (AOR= 2.95; 95% CI: 1.47–5.95) were significantly associated with overnutrition.

          Conclusion

          Overnutrition is a major emerging public health problem in eastern Ethiopia. School type, sex, sweet food preferences, habits of snacking, sedentary behaviors, and eating while watching TV were significantly associated with overnutrition. Therefore, public health strategies to curb overweight and obesity among high school adolescents are urgently needed in order to reduce the prevalence and its adverse complications.

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          Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults

          Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Ziad A Abdeen, Zargar Abdul Hamid … (2019)
          Summary Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme.
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            Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries.

            Barry M. Popkin, Linda S Adair, Shu Ng (2012)
            Decades ago, discussion of an impending global pandemic of obesity was thought of as heresy. But in the 1970s, diets began to shift towards increased reliance upon processed foods, increased away-from-home food intake, and increased use of edible oils and sugar-sweetened beverages. Reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior began to be seen as well. The negative effects of these changes began to be recognized in the early 1990s, primarily in low- and middle-income populations, but they did not become clearly acknowledged until diabetes, hypertension, and obesity began to dominate the globe. Now, rapid increases in the rates of obesity and overweight are widely documented, from urban and rural areas in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to populations in countries with higher income levels. Concurrent rapid shifts in diet and activity are well documented as well. An array of large-scale programmatic and policy measures are being explored in a few countries; however, few countries are engaged in serious efforts to prevent the serious dietary challenges being faced. © 2012 International Life Sciences Institute.
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              Energy balance and obesity.

              O Hill, Lawrence Wyatt, Stephan J A C Peters (2012)
              Article 0 comments Cited 217 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Adolesc Health Med Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Adolesc Health Med Ther
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ahmt
                Title: Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-318X
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 January 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 1-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University , Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
                [2 ]Department of Midwifery and College Quality Improvement Coordinator, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University , Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
                [3 ]School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University , Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Abdu Oumer, Tel +251966365785, Email omab2320@gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0839-9461
                Article
                Publisher ID: 349189
                DOI: 10.2147/AHMT.S349189
                PMC ID: 8784252
                PubMed ID: 35082546
                SO-VID: a4a470f4-c556-4281-8ca4-7cf5e38e7d59
                Copyright © © 2022 Belay et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 12 November 2021
                Date accepted : 04 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, References: 45, Pages: 14
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: high school,adolescents,body mass index,overweight,obesity,associated factors
                Data availability:
                Keywords: high school, adolescents, body mass index, overweight, obesity, associated factors

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