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      Un caso de resistencia de Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) al fipronil detectado en pruebas de campo en el este de Santiago del Estero, Argentina

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          Abstract

          En este trabajo se describe la resistencia de una población Rhipicephalus microplus resistente al fipronil 1% (ECTOLINE®) en condiciones de campo en el este de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Las pruebas fueron realizadas a modo de réplicas en dos establecimientos: "Establecimiento A" y "Establecimiento B". En el Establecimiento A las diferencias en los niveles de infestación con garrapatas entre los grupos tratado y control nunca fueron estadísticamente significativas. Los porcentajes de eficacia oscilaron entre 27,3% y 69,3%. En el Establecimiento B las diferencias entre los grupos tratado y control fueron significativas, con porcentajes de eficacia aumentando de 87,6% el día 2 post-tratamiento a 95,4% el día 7 post-tratamiento. Las tasas de eclosión de los huevos originados de las teleóginas colectadas de los grupos tratados y control en el Establecimiento A fueron similares. La aplicación de fipronil 1% en el Establecimiento B tuvo una eficacia global prácticamente absoluta, porque si bien la eficacia terapéutica no alcanzó el 100%, la viabilidad reproductiva de las teleóginas obtenidas de los bovinos tratados fue nula. Los resultados del presente trabajo constituyen el primer registro publicado de una población de R. microplus resistente al fipronil 1% en condiciones de campo en Argentina.

          Translated abstract

          The resistance of a population of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to fipronil 1% (ECTOLINE®) in the east of Santiago del Estero, Argentina, is described in this work. The trials were performed as replicates in two establishments: "Establishment A" and "Establishment B". The differences in the level of tick infestation between treated and control groups in the Establishment A were not significant. The efficacy percentage ranged from 27.3% to 69.3%. Contrarily, the differences between treated and control groups in the Establishment B were significant, with efficacy percentage increasing from 87.6% (day 2 post-treatment) to 95.4% (day 7 post-treatment). The eclosion rates of the eggs produced by the engorged females collected in both treated and control groups in Establishment A were similar. The application of fipronil 1% in the Establishment B had an efficacy almost absolute, because even though the therapeutic efficacy did not reach 100%, the reproductive viability of the engorged females collected on the treated cattle was null. The results of this work constitute the first published record of a population of R. microplus resistant to fipronil 1% under field conditions in Argentina.

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          First report of fluazuron resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus: a field tick population resistant to six classes of acaricides.

          The control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is based mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, which has contributed to the emerging problem of selection of resistant tick populations. Currently, there are six main classes of acaricides commercially available in Brazil to control cattle ticks, with fluazuron, a tick growth regulator with acaricidal properties, being the only active ingredient with no previous reports of resistance. Ticks (designated the Jaguar strain) were collected in a beef cattle ranch located at Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, after a complaint of fluazuron treatment failure. To characterise the resistance of this strain against acaricides, larval tests were performed and showed that the Jaguar strain was resistant to all of the drugs tested: cypermethrin (resistance ratio, RR=31.242), chlorpyriphos (RR=103.926), fipronil (RR=4.441), amitraz (RR=11.907) and ivermectin (3.081). A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluazuron treatment in heifers that had been experimentally infested with the Jaguar or a susceptible strain. Between 14 and 28 days after treatment, the average efficacy in cattle experimentally infested with the susceptible strain was 96%, while for the Jaguar strain the efficacy was zero. Additionally, the Jaguar strain response to fluazuron was evaluated in vitro using a modified adult immersion test (AIT) and the artificial feeding assay (AFA). With the AIT, 50 ppm of fluazuron inhibited 99% of larvae hatching in the susceptible strain (POA) and less than 50% in the Jaguar strain. Results of the AFA showed a larval hatching rate of 67% at 2.5 ppm of fluazuron with the Jaguar strain; conversely, only 3% of larvae of the susceptible strain hatched at the same fluazuron concentration. The results showed here demonstrated the first case of fluazuron resistance in R. microplus and the first tick population resistant to six classes of acaricides in Brazil.
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            Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

            Acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a problem. Resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick’s body. We review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown to be functional in R. (B.) microplus. From a mechanistic point of view, resistance to pyrethroids has been characterized to a greater degree than any other acaricide class. Although a great deal of research has gone into discovery of the mechanisms that cause organophosphate resistance, very little is defined at the molecular level and organophosphate resistance seems to be maintained through a complex and multifactorial process. The resistance mechanisms for other acaricides are less well understood. The target sites of fipronil and the macrocyclic lactones are known and resistance mechanism studies are in the early stages. The target site of amitraz has not been definitively identified and this is hampering mechanistic studies on this acaricide.
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              Diagnoses of fipronil resistance in Brazilian cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) using in vitro larval bioassays.

              Fipronil is a phenylpyrazolic insecticide that is widely used in agriculture and has been recently used to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Because of the serious problems associated with resistance to the available acaricides, this product has been used as an important alternative to control acaricide-resistant ticks. The objective of this work was to analyse the fipronil sensitivity of ticks that were collected from farms with a history of fipronil use by larval bioassays. A total of 11 Brazilian tick populations were studied: one population from Rio Grande do Sul, one population from Mato Grosso do Sul and nine populations from São Paulo. To validate the assays, susceptible reference strains, POA (Porto Alegre, Brazil) and Mozo (Dilave, Uruguay), and ticks from six different farms that never used fipronil were tested. The resistance of various tick populations to technical grade fipronil (95.3%) was primarily evaluated using the larvae immersion test (LIT) and the larval packet test (LPT), when a sufficient number of larvae was collected. Using the LIT, the resistance ratios (RR(50)) of the tick populations from Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul were 14.9 and 2.6, respectively, and the populations derived from São Paulo had RR(50)s ranging from 2.5 to 6.9. Four populations were evaluated with the LPT, and two populations displayed lower RR(50), while other populations displayed higher RR(50) than those determined by the LIT. This article reports the first cases of fipronil resistance in Brazil and highlights the LIT as a more sensitive technique for the evaluation of fipronil resistance in R. (B) microplus ticks. We suggest the use of the LIT as an evaluation tool for monitoring fipronil resistance in the control programmes of R. (B) microplus.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                favecv
                Revista FAVE. Sección Ciencias veterinarias
                FAVE, Secc. Cienc. vet.
                Universidad Nacional del Litoral (Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina )
                2362-5589
                June 2018
                : 17
                : 1
                : 1-5
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria orgdiv1Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela
                [02] orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
                Article
                S2362-55892018000100001
                a3eb8c30-7749-4c00-ad87-19a9e3007c76

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 November 2017
                : 15 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Artículo original

                Resistencia,Fipronil,Argentina,Resistance,Ticks,Garrapatas
                Resistencia, Fipronil, Argentina, Resistance, Ticks, Garrapatas

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