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      The effect of multi-strain probiotics as feed additives on performance, immunity, expression of nutrient transporter genes and gut morphometry in broiler chickens

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary multi-strain probiotic (MSP) ( Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 + Bacillus subtillis UBBS14 + Saccharomyces boulardii Unique 28) on performance, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter related genes in broiler chickens.

          Methods

          A total of 256 (4×8×8) day-old CARIBRO Vishal commercial broiler chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments with 8 replicates each and having eight chicks in each replicate. Four dietary treatments were T 1 (negative control-basal diet), T 2 (positive control-antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate at 20 mg/kg diet), T 3 (MSP at 10 7 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed), and T 4 (MSP at 10 8 CFU/g feed).

          Results

          During 3 to 6 weeks and 0 to 6 weeks, the body weight gain increased significantly (p<0.05) in T 3 and T 4 groups. The feed intake significantly (p<0.05) reduced from T 1 to T 3 during 0 to 3 weeks and the feed conversion ratio also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T 3 and T 4 during 0 to 6 weeks. The humoral and cell mediated immune response and the weight of immune organs were also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T 3 and T 4. However, significant (p<0.05) dietary effects were observed on intestinal histo-morphometry of ileum in T 3 followed by T 4 and T 2. At 14 d post hatch, the relative gene expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1) and peptide transporter (PepT1) showed a significant (p<0.05) up-regulating pattern in T 2, T 3, and T 4. Whereas, at 21 d post hatch, the gene expression of SGLT1 and PepT1 was significantly (p<0.05) down-regulated in MSP supplemented treatments T 3 and T 4.

          Conclusion

          The supplementation of MSP at 10 7 CFU/g diet showed significant effects with improved performance, immune response, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter genes. Thus, the MSP could be a suitable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in chicken diets.

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          Most cited references48

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          Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR.

          M. Pfaffl (2002)
          Real-time reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most suitable method for the detection and quantification of mRNA. It offers high sensitivity, good reproducibility and a wide quantification range. Today, relative expression is increasingly used, where the expression of a target gene is standardised by a non-regulated reference gene. Several mathematical algorithms have been developed to compute an expression ratio, based on real-time PCR efficiency and the crossing point deviation of an unknown sample versus a control. But all published equations and available models for the calculation of relative expression ratio allow only for the determination of a single transcription difference between one control and one sample. Therefore a new software tool was established, named REST (relative expression software tool), which compares two groups, with up to 16 data points in a sample and 16 in a control group, for reference and up to four target genes. The mathematical model used is based on the PCR efficiencies and the mean crossing point deviation between the sample and control group. Subsequently, the expression ratio results of the four investigated transcripts are tested for significance by a randomisation test. Herein, development and application of REST is explained and the usefulness of relative expression in real-time PCR using REST is discussed. The latest software version of REST and examples for the correct use can be downloaded at http://www.wzw.tum.de/gene-quantification/.
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            Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production.

            JA Patterson, KM Burkholder (2003)
            The intestinal microbiota, epithelium, and immune system provide resistance to enteric pathogens. Recent data suggest that resistance is not solely due to the sum of the components, but that cross-talk between these components is also involved in modulating this resistance. Inhibition of pathogens by the intestinal microbiota has been called bacterial antagonism, bacterial interference, barrier effect, colonization resistance, and competitive exclusion. Mechanisms by which the indigenous intestinal bacteria inhibit pathogens include competition for colonization sites, competition for nutrients, production of toxic compounds, or stimulation of the immune system. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and inhibition may comprise one, several, or all of these mechanisms. Consumption of fermented foods has been associated with improved health, and lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) have been implicated as the causative agents for this improved health. Research over the last century has shown that lactic acid bacteria and certain other microorganisms can increase resistance to disease and that lactic acid bacteria can be enriched in the intestinal tract by feeding specific carbohydrates. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics in humans has caused an increase in public and governmental interest in eliminating sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in livestock. An alternative approach to sub-therapeutic antibiotics in livestock is the use of probiotic microorganisms, prebiotic substrates that enrich certain bacterial populations, or synbiotic combinations of prebiotics and probiotics. Research is focused on identifying beneficial bacterial strains and substrates along with the conditions under which they are effective.
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              Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens.

              W.A. AWAD, K Ghareeb, S. Abdel-Raheem … (2009)
              A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementations of synbiotic and probiotic on broiler performance, carcass yield, organs weights, and histomorphological measurements of small intestine. Six hundred 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments for 5 wk. The dietary treatments were 1) control, 2) basal diets supplemented with synbiotic (1 kg of Biomin IMBO/ ton of the starter diets and 0.5 kg/ton of the grower diets), 3) basal diets supplemented with probiotic (1 kg of a homofermentative and a heterofermentative Lacto-bacillus sp./ton of feed). The BW, average daily weight gain, carcass yield percentage, and feed conversion rate were significantly (P 0.05). However, the ileal crypt depth was decreased by dietary supplementations compared with control. In conclusion, synbiotic or probiotic displayed a greater efficacy as growth promoters for broilers. Furthermore, the dietary supplementations resulted in an increase in the villus height and crypt depth of intestinal mucosa of broilers. The increase in the villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio was associated with improvement of growth performance for both synbiotic and probiotic. This indicates that the synbiotic and probiotic can be used as a growth promoter in broiler diets and can improve the gut health. These products show promising effects as alternatives for antibiotics as pressure to eliminate growth-promotant antibiotic use increases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anim Biosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anim Biosci
                Title: Animal Bioscience
                Publisher: Animal Bioscience
                ISSN (Print): 2765-0189
                ISSN (Electronic): 2765-0235
                Publication date (Print): January 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 March 2021
                Volume: 35
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 64-74
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Avishek Biswas, Tel: +91-581-2303223, Fax: +91-581-2301321, E-mail: drbiswas007@ 123456rediffmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-2477
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7648-4043
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-8177
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-6955
                Article
                Publisher ID: ab-20-0749
                DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0749
                PMC ID: 8738925
                PubMed ID: 33677909
                SO-VID: a3e0698d-cb25-4a1e-a294-938e9cc6c411
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 by Animal Bioscience
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 October 2020
                Date revision received : 28 December 2020
                Date accepted : 26 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Subject: Nonruminant Nutrition and Feed Processing

                Keywords: antibiotic,broiler,gut morphology,immunity,multi-strain probiotic,nutrient transporter genes
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antibiotic, broiler, gut morphology, immunity, multi-strain probiotic, nutrient transporter genes

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