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      Immunological induction with thymoglobulin: reduction in the number of doses in renal transplant from deceased donor Translated title: Indução imunológica com timoglobulina: redução no número de doses em transplante de rim com doador falecido

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To compare three different regimens of thymoglobulin induction. Methods: One hundred seventy two patients submitted to renal transplantation from a dead donor were divided into three groups according to the total number of thymoglobulin doses used in the post-transplantation surgery: Group 1, until 14 doses - May 2002 to June 2004 (n = 48); Group 2, until 7 doses - July 2004 to December 2006 (n = 57); Group 3, until 4 doses - January 2007 to July 2009 (n = 67). The three groups were compared according to the main outcomes. Results: The main demographic differences among the groups were: greater dialysis time in Group 3 (p < 0.001 for Group 1; and p = 0.04 for Group 2); donor age, greater in Groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.02; p = 0.01, respectively); and cold ischemia time progressively greater from Group 1 to 3: 19.5 ± 5.1 to 24.6 ± 5.7 hours (p < 0.001). In relation to the inhibitor of calcineurin, the relation Tac/Csa was 14.6/66.7% in Group 1, 78.9/12.3% in Group 2 and 100/0% in Group 3. Reflecting the increase in cold ischemia time, the incidence of delayed graft function was 64.6%, 68.4% e 82.1% in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p = ns). The incidence of acute rejection was similar in the three groups: 16.7% (1); 16.3% (2) and 16.4 (3) - p = ns. The prevalence of viremia for cytomegalovirus was 61.7% in Group 1, 66.1% in Group 2 and 83.3% in Group 3 (p = ns). There were no difference related to the number of infected cells with cytomegalovirus in antigenemia, according to the groups, however, patients in Group 3 had an earlier diagnosis: from 64.3 ± 28.5 days in Grup 2, to 47.1 ± 22.5 days, in Group 3, p < 0.001. Survival of the graft in one year was 89.6%, 92.9% and 91.0%, in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p = ns). The graft function was much better with the lower doses of thymoglobulin: Group 1: 57.0 ± 20.0 mL/min; Group 2: 67.0 ± 18.4 mL/min (p = 0.008); Group 3: 71.2 ± 18.4 mL/min (p < 0.001, Group 1 versus Group 3; p = 0.06, Group 1 versus Group 2). There was a significant reduction in the costs of induction protocol from U\(7,567.02 to U\) 3,485.56 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The total number of thymoglobulin doses for immunologic induction could be reduced in a safe and effective way, without a negative impact in graft rejection or survival, preserving renal function and being significantly cheaper.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar três regimes diferentes de indução com timoglobulina. Métodos: Cento e setenta e dois pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim com doador falecido foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o número total de doses de timoglobulina utilizada no pós-operatório: Grupo 1, até 14 doses - Maio de 2002 a Junho de 2004 (n = 48); Grupo 2, até 7 doses - Julho de 2004 a Dezembro de 2006 (n = 57); Grupo 3, até 4 doses - Janeiro de 2007 a Julho de 2009 (n = 67). Os três grupos foram comparados de acordo com os principais desfechos. Resultados: As principais diferenças demográficas entre os três grupos foram: tempo em diálise, que foi maior no Grupo 3 (p < 0,001 para o Grupo 1; p = 0,04 para o Grupo 2); idade do doador, maior nos Grupos 2 e 3 (p = 0,02; p = 0,01, respectivamente); e o tempo de isquemia fria, progressivamente maior do Grupo 1 ao 3: 19,5 ± 5,1 para 24,6 ± 5,7 horas (p < 0,001). Em relação ao inibidor de calcineurina utilizado, a relação entre Tac/Csa foi de 14,6/66,7% no Grupo 1, 78,9/12,3% no Grupo 2 e de 100/0% no Grupo 3. Refletindo o aumento no tempo de isquemia fria, a incidência de delayed graft function foi de 64,6%, 68,4% e 82,1% nos Grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente (p = ns). A incidência de rejeição aguda foi semelhante nos três grupos: 16,7% (1), 16,3% (2) e 16,4% (3) - p = ns. A prevalência de viremia para citomegalovírus foi de 61.7% no Grupo 1; 66,1% no Grupo 2; e 83,3% no Grupo 3 (p = ns). Não houve diferenças quanto ao número de células infectadas com o citomegalovírus na antigenemia, de acordo com os grupos; entretanto, os pacientes do Grupo 3 tiveram diagnostico mais precoce: de 64,3 ± 28,5 dias no Grupo 2, para 47,1 ± 22,5 dias no Grupo 3 (p < 0,001). A sobrevida do enxerto em um ano foi de 89,6%, 92,9% e 91,0%, nos Grupos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente (p = ns). A função do enxerto foi substancialmente melhor com menor número de doses de timoglobulina: Grupo 1: 57,0 ± 20,0 mL/min; Grupo 2: 67,0 ± 18,4 mL/min (p = 0,008); Grupo 3: 71,2 ± 18,4 mL/min (p < 0,001, Grupo 1 versus Grupo 3; p = 0,06, Grupo 1 versus Grupo 2). Houve uma redução significativa no custo do protocolo de indução de U\(7.567,02 para U\) 3.485,56 (p < 0,001). Conclusão: O número total de doses de timoglobulina para indução imunológica pôde ser reduzido de forma segura e eficaz, sem impacto negativo na incidência de rejeição ou sobrevida do enxerto, com preservação da função renal, sendo significativamente mais barato.

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          Most cited references33

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          Rabbit antithymocyte globulin versus basiliximab in renal transplantation.

          Induction therapy reduces the frequency of acute rejection and delayed graft function after transplantation. A rabbit antithymocyte polyclonal antibody or basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody, is most commonly used for induction. In this prospective, randomized, international study, we compared short courses of antithymocyte globulin and basiliximab in patients at high risk for acute rejection or delayed graft function who received a renal transplant from a deceased donor. Patients taking cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone were randomly assigned to receive either rabbit antithymocyte globulin (1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight daily, 141 patients) during transplantation (day 0) and on days 1 through 4 or basiliximab (20 mg, 137 patients) on days 0 and 4. The primary end point was a composite of acute rejection, delayed graft function, graft loss, and death. At 12 months, the incidence of the composite end point was similar in the two groups (P=0.34). The antithymocyte globulin group, as compared with the basiliximab group, had lower incidences of acute rejection (15.6% vs. 25.5%, P=0.02) and of acute rejection that required treatment with antibody (1.4% vs. 8.0%, P=0.005). The antithymocyte globulin group and the basiliximab group had similar incidences of graft loss (9.2% and 10.2%, respectively), delayed graft function (40.4% and 44.5%), and death (4.3% and 4.4%). Though the incidences of all adverse events, serious adverse events, and cancers were also similar between the two groups, patients receiving antithymocyte globulin had a greater incidence of infection (85.8% vs. 75.2%, P=0.03) but a lower incidence of cytomegalovirus disease (7.8% vs. 17.5%, P=0.02). Among patients at high risk for acute rejection or delayed graft function who received a renal transplant from a deceased donor, induction therapy consisting of a 5-day course of antithymocyte globulin, as compared with basiliximab, reduced the incidence and severity of acute rejection but not the incidence of delayed graft function. Patient and graft survival were similar in the two groups. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00235300 [ClinicalTrials.gov].). Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Delayed graft function: risk factors and implications for renal allograft survival.

            Delayed graft function (DGF) may be associated with diminished kidney allograft survival. We studied the risk factors that lead to nonimmediate function of a renal allograft and the consequences of DGF on short- and long-term renal transplant survival. Data from the U.S. Renal Data System were used to measure the relationships among cold ischemia time, delayed graft function, acute rejection, and graft survival in 37,216 primary cadaveric renal transplants (1985-1992). These relationships were investigated using the unconditional logistic and Cox multivariate regression methods. Cold ischemia time was strongly associated with DGF, with a 23% increase in the risk of DGF for every 6 hr of cold ischemia (P<0.001). Acute transplant rejection occurred more frequently in grafts with delayed function (37% vs. 20%; odds ratio=2.25, P=0.001). DGF was independently predictive of 5-year graft loss (relative risk=1.53, P<0.001). The presence of both early acute rejection and DGF portended a dismal 5-year graft survival rate of 35%. Zero-HLA mismatch conferred a 10-15% improvement in 1- and 5-year graft survival regardless of early functional status of the allograft. However, the 5-year graft survival rate in HLA-mismatched kidneys without DGF was significantly higher than that of zero-mismatched kidneys with DGF (63% vs. 51%; P<0.001). DGF independently portends a significant reduction in short- and long-term graft survival. Delayed function and early rejection episodes exerted an additive adverse effect on allograft survival. The deleterious impact of delayed function is comparatively more severe than that of poor HLA matching.
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              Meta-analysis: the efficacy of strategies to prevent organ disease by cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients.

              Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the most common opportunistic viral infection in solid organ transplant recipients, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. To assess the efficacy of universal prophylaxis and preemptive approaches in preventing CMV organ disease and other complications in solid organ transplant recipients. Using no language restrictions, the authors searched the following databases from their inception through May 2005: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Evidence-Based Medicine. The authors also reviewed abstracts from scientific meetings and contacted experts and pharmaceutical companies. Randomized, controlled trials that evaluated antiviral strategies for preventing CMV and associated complications in solid organ transplant recipients were selected. Two reviewers independently extracted and assessed the data. The authors found 17 trials involving 1980 patients. Compared with placebo or no therapy, both universal prophylaxis (odds ratio [OR], 0.20 [95% CI, 0.13 to 0.31]) and preemptive strategies (OR, 0.28 [CI, 0.11 to 0.69]) reduced CMV organ disease. However, only universal prophylaxis seemingly reduced CMV organ disease in subgroups of patients at highest risk (donors with positive CMV serostatus and recipients with negative CMV serostatus and induction with antibodies). Both strategies reduced the rate of allograft rejection. Only universal prophylaxis statistically significantly reduced bacterial and fungal infections (OR, 0.49 [CI, 0.36 to 0.67]) and death (OR, 0.62 [CI, 0.40 to 0.96]). Both acyclovir and ganciclovir statistically significantly prevented CMV organ disease in the universal prophylaxis trials. Studies were of modest size, and few studies assessed all outcomes. Studies did not always provide data that discriminated between CMV organ disease and CMV syndrome or data about the timing of CMV organ disease. Universal prophylaxis and preemptive strategies are beneficial in preventing CMV organ disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Both strategies are associated with a reduction in allograft rejection, but current data suggest that only universal prophylaxis reduces bacterial and fungal infections and death. Acyclovir and ganciclovir are both effective for universal prophylaxis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                eins
                Einstein (São Paulo)
                Einstein (São Paulo)
                Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1679-4508
                2317-6385
                March 2011
                : 9
                : 1
                : 56-65
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameHospital Israelita Albert Einstein Brazil
                Article
                S1679-45082011000100056
                10.1590/s1679-45082011ao1838
                a3b650ba-94d4-498d-8dc7-8cbd36131a85

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 January 2011
                : 31 July 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article

                Antibodies/administration & dosage,Immune system/drug effects,Graft rejection,Survival,Anticorpos/administração & dosagem,Sistema imunológico/efeito de drogas,Rejeição de enxerto,Sobrevida

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