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      Acesso à detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Sistema Único de Saúde: uma análise a partir dos dados do Sistema de Informações em Saúde Translated title: Access to early breast cancer diagnosis in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: an analysis of data from the Health Information System Translated title: El acceso a la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en el Sistema de Salud de Brasil: un análisis de datos del Sistema de Información de Salud

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          Abstract

          A redução recente na mortalidade por câncer de mama em países de alta renda é atribuída à detecção precoce e melhorias no tratamento. O câncer de mama é o tipo mais frequente de câncer feminino no Brasil, e, desde 2004, o governo recomenda o exame clínico anual das mamas para mulheres a partir dos 40 anos e rastreio mamográfico bienal entre 50 e 69 anos. Este artigo investiga o nível de implementação dessas recomendações usando os dados dos sistemas de informações do SUS de 2010 por macrorregião e grupo etário. Evidenciou-se uma cobertura baixa de mamografia entre a população alvo (32%: 50-59 anos; 25%: 60-69 anos). A proporção de mulheres com achados radiológicos anormais submetidas à biópsia também foi baixa (27%: 50-59 anos; 63%: 60-69 anos). O número de cirurgias para câncer de mama foi maior do que o número de casos detectáveis pela mamografia, mas muito inferior ao número estimado de casos incidentes para 2010. Existem marcadas desigualdades regionais no acesso à detecção precoce e à cirurgia, sendo o acesso mais baixo na Região Norte e mais alto na Região Sul.

          Translated abstract

          The recent reduction in breast cancer mortality in high-income countries resulted from improvements in early detection and treatment. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Brazilian women. Since 2004, the government has recommended annual clinical breast examination for women aged ≥ 40 years and biannual mammograms for those aged 50-69. This article investigates the degree of implementation of these guidelines using data from the Brazilian Unified National Health System for 2010 according to major geographic region and age group. The findings showed low national mammogram coverage in the target population (32% in the 50-59-year group; 25% from 60 to 69 years). The percentage of women with abnormal radiological findings who underwent biopsy was also low (27% for 50-59 years; 63% for 60-69 years). The number of breast cancer surgeries exceeded the number of cases detected by mammography but was well below the estimated number of incident breast cancer cases in 2010. There are striking regional inequalities in access to early detection and surgery, being the lowest access in the North Region and the highest in the South Region.

          Translated abstract

          La reciente reducción de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en los países de altos ingresos se atribuye a la detección precoz y las mejoras en el tratamiento. El cáncer de mama es el cáncer femenino más común en Brasil y desde 2004 el gobierno recomienda el examen clínico anual para las mujeres después de los 40 años y la mamografía bienal entre 50 a 69 años. Este trabajo investiga el grado de aplicación de estas recomendaciones a partir de datos del Sistema de Información de Salud, en 2010 por grupos de edad. Los resultados mostraron una baja cobertura de la mamografía en la población objetivo (32%: 50-59, 25%: 60-69 años). La proporción de mujeres con hallazgos radiológicos anormales se sometió a biopsia también fue baja (27%: 50-59, 63%: 60-69 años). El número de cirugías para el cáncer de mama fue mayor que el número de casos detectados por la mamografía, pero mucho menos que el número estimado de casos nuevos para el año 2010. Existen marcadas diferencias regionales en el acceso a la detección temprana y la cirugía, siendo el acceso menor en la Región Norte y más alto en la Región Sur.

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          Breast and cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis.

          Breast and cervical cancer are important causes of mortality in women aged ≥15 years. We undertook annual age-specific assessments of breast and cervical cancer in 187 countries. We systematically collected cancer registry data on mortality and incidence, vital registration, and verbal autopsy data for the period 1980-2010. We modelled the mortality-to-incidence (MI) ratio using a hierarchical model. Vital registration and verbal autopsy were supplemented with incidence multiplied by the MI ratio to yield a comprehensive database of mortality rates. We used Gaussian process regression to develop estimates of mortality with uncertainty by age, sex, country, and year. We used out-of-sample predictive validity to select the final model. Estimates of incidence with uncertainty were also generated with mortality and MI ratios. Global breast cancer incidence increased from 641,000 (95% uncertainty intervals 610,000-750,000) cases in 1980 to 1,643,000 (1,421,000-1,782,000) cases in 2010, an annual rate of increase of 3·1%. Global cervical cancer incidence increased from 378,000 (256,000-489,000) cases per year in 1980 to 454,000 (318,000-620,000) cases per year in 2010-a 0·6% annual rate of increase. Breast cancer killed 425,000 (359,000-453,000) women in 2010, of whom 68,000 (62,000-74,000) were aged 15-49 years in developing countries. Cervical cancer death rates have been decreasing but the disease still killed 200,000 (139,000-276,000) women in 2010, of whom 46,000 (33,000-64,000) were aged 15-49 years in developing countries. We recorded pronounced variation in the trend in breast cancer mortality across regions and countries. More policy attention is needed to strengthen established health-system responses to reduce breast and cervical cancer, especially in developing countries. Susan G Komen for the Cure and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

            (2009)
            Update of the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on screening for breast cancer in the general population. The USPSTF examined the evidence on the efficacy of 5 screening modalities in reducing mortality from breast cancer: film mammography, clinical breast examination, breast self-examination, digital mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging in order to update the 2002 recommendation. To accomplish this update, the USPSTF commissioned 2 studies: 1) a targeted systematic evidence review of 6 selected questions relating to benefits and harms of screening, and 2) a decision analysis that used population modeling techniques to compare the expected health outcomes and resource requirements of starting and ending mammography screening at different ages and using annual versus biennial screening intervals. The USPSTF recommends against routine screening mammography in women aged 40 to 49 years. The decision to start regular, biennial screening mammography before the age of 50 years should be an individual one and take into account patient context, including the patient's values regarding specific benefits and harms. (Grade C recommendation) The USPSTF recommends biennial screening mammography for women between the ages of 50 and 74 years. (Grade B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older. (I statement) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of clinical breast examination beyond screening mammography in women 40 years or older. (I statement) The USPSTF recommends against clinicians teaching women how to perform breast self-examination. (Grade D recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess additional benefits and harms of either digital mammography or magnetic resonance imaging instead of film mammography as screening modalities for breast cancer. (I statement).
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              Health conditions and health-policy innovations in Brazil: the way forward.

              Brazil is a large complex country that is undergoing rapid economic, social, and environmental change. In this Series of six articles, we have reported important improvements in health status and life expectancy, which can be ascribed largely to progress in social determinants of health and to implementation of a comprehensive national health system with strong social participation. Many challenges remain, however. Socioeconomic and regional disparities are still unacceptably large, reflecting the fact that much progress is still needed to improve basic living conditions for a large proportion of the population. New health problems arise as a result of urbanisation and social and environmental change, and some old health issues remain unabated. Administration of a complex, decentralised public-health system, in which a large share of services is contracted out to the private sector, together with many private insurance providers, inevitably causes conflict and contradiction. The challenge is ultimately political, and we conclude with a call for action that requires continuous engagement by Brazilian society as a whole in securing the right to health for all Brazilian people. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4464
                July 2014
                : 30
                : 7
                : 1537-1550
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [4 ] Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva Brasil
                [5 ] London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine U.K.
                Article
                S0102-311X2014000801537
                10.1590/0102-311X00156513
                25166949
                a34b0368-7107-44f5-9c2e-ab4c3a043215

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-311X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Breast Neoplasms,Early Detection of Cancer,Women’s Health,Mass Screening,Neoplasias de la Mama,Detección Precoz del Cáncer,Salud de la Mujer,Tamizaje Masivo,Neoplasias de Mama,Detecção Precoce de Câncer,Saúde da Mulher,Programas de Rastreamento

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