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      Conjugated polymer nanomaterials for theranostics

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          Abstract

          Conjugated polymer nanomaterials (CPNs), as optically and electronically active materials, hold promise for biomedical imaging and drug delivery applications. This review highlights the recent advances in the utilization of CPNs in theranostics. Specifically, CPN-based in vivo imaging techniques, including near-infrared (NIR) imaging, two-photon (TP) imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and multimodal (MM) imaging, are introduced. Then, CPN-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are surveyed. A variety of stimuli-responsive CPN systems for drug delivery are also summarized, and the promising trends and translational challenges are discussed.

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          Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy

          W Denk, J G Strickler, W. Webb (1990)
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            Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo.

            Daniel R. Larson, Warren R. Zipfel, Rebecca M Williams … (2003)
            The use of semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) as fluorescent labels for multiphoton microscopy enables multicolor imaging in demanding biological environments such as living tissue. We characterized water-soluble cadmium selenide-zinc sulfide quantum dots for multiphoton imaging in live animals. These fluorescent probes have two-photon action cross sections as high as 47,000 Goeppert-Mayer units, by far the largest of any label used in multiphoton microscopy. We visualized quantum dots dynamically through the skin of living mice, in capillaries hundreds of micrometers deep. We found no evidence of blinking (fluorescence intermittency) in solution on nanosecond to millisecond time scales.
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              Bio-inspired, bioengineered and biomimetic drug delivery carriers.

              Jin-Wook Yoo, Darrell Irvine, Dennis E. Discher … (2011)
              Synthetic carriers such as polymer and lipid particles often struggle to meet clinical expectations. Natural particulates - that range from pathogens to mammalian cells - are therefore worth examining in more depth, as they are highly optimized for their specific functions in vivo and possess features that are often desired in drug delivery carriers. With a better understanding of these biological systems, in conjunction with the availability of advanced biotechnology tools that are useful for re-engineering the various natural systems, researchers have started to exploit natural particulates for multiple applications in the delivery of proteins, small interfering RNA and other therapeutic agents. Here, we review the natural drug delivery carriers that have provided the basis and inspiration for new drug delivery systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Pharmacol Sin
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Pharmacol. Sin
                Title: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Print): 1671-4083
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-7254
                Publication date (Print): June 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 May 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 June 2017
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 764-781
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
                [2 ]Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
                [3 ]Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
                [4 ]Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
                Author notes
                [✝]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: aps201742
                DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.42
                PMC ID: 5520193
                PubMed ID: 28552910
                SO-VID: a3186dfc-3f8e-4f32-a5ec-6e40c1b9ac1c
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 CPS and SIMM
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                Date received : 12 December 2016
                Date accepted : 02 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: conjugated polymer,theranostics,biomedical imaging,photodynamic therapy,photothermal therapy,stimuli-responsive drug delivery
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: conjugated polymer, theranostics, biomedical imaging, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, stimuli-responsive drug delivery

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