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      Introducción del colgajo de epiplón en el tratamiento de las mediastinitis aguda en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba Translated title: Introduction of the omentum flap into the treatment of acute mediastinitis at the Heart Center of Santiago de Cuba

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          Abstract

          La esternotomía media es la vía de acceso más frecuentemente utilizada en la cirugía cardiovascular, lo cual convierte a la mediastinitis en una complicación no tan frecuente como peligrosa para la vida del paciente. A tales efectos se realizó un estudio descriptivo sobre los resultados de la introducción del colgajo de epiplón en 15 pacientes con sepsis mediastínica, tratados por medio de esa técnica en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba desde enero del 2000 hasta diciembre del 2010. En la casuística predominaron los hombres, el diagnóstico fue eminentemente clínico y entre los gérmenes aislados con mayor frecuencia figuraron los estafilococos, seguidos de los gramnegativos. Las complicaciones más comunes resultaron ser la sepsis de la herida y el íleo paralitico. Se logró una disminución de la estadía en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, de las complicaciones en general y de la mortalidad (20 %) en contraste con las técnicas utilizadas habitualmente en estos casos. Las causas de muerte no se relacionaron con el fallo del procedimiento ni con la reaparición de la infección.

          Translated abstract

          Median sternotomy is the most frequently used approach in cardiovascular surgery; mediastinitis hence becomes a complication not as frequent as dangerous for the patient's life. Thus, a descriptive study on the results of the omentum flap introduction was conducted in 15 patients with mediastinal sepsis treated by means of this technique at the Heart Center of Santiago de Cuba from January 2000 to December 2010. Male sex prevailed in our cases, the diagnosis was primarily clinical and among isolates staphylococci were the most frequent pathogens, followed by Gram-negative organisms. The most common complications were wound sepsis and paralytic ileus. A reduction of stay at the Intensive Care Unit, of complications in general, and mortality were achieved (20 %) in contrast to the techniques commonly used in these cases. The causes of death were not related to the failure of the procedure or recurrence of the infection.

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          Mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting risk factors and long-term survival.

          Mediastinitis is a severe complication of coronary artery bypass grafting. The aim of the present study was to determine incidence of mediastinitis, its risk factors, and its effect on early and long-term survival. The study has a dual design, a case-control, and a retrospective cohort, using a source population of 18,532 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting from January 1989 to December 2000. The closing date was February 1, 2008. Median follow-up was 10.3 (range 8.1 to 18.9) years. Patients with mediastinitis were compared with a random control group without mediastinitis issued from the same source population in a ratio 1:4. The crude effect of mediastinitis was estimated using rate ratio and 95% confidence limits. Adjustment for multiconfounders was done with the Cox model. A logistic model was used to pinpoint risk factors of mediastinitis. Calibration and discrimination of a prognostic model was done. One hundred seven patients (0.6%) developed mediastinitis. Diagnosis was made 12 (9 to 19) days postoperatively. Independent risk factors of mediastinitis using the logistic model were advanced age, male gender, left main stenosis, body mass index 30 kg/m(2) or greater, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and increased amount of blood transfusion. There was no increased risk of early mortality (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval 0.13 to 2.61) (p = 0.48) but there was increased risk of morbidity (intraaortic balloon pump, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmia, stroke, inotrope, and myocardial infarction). Follow-up had a median observation time of 10.3 years. Survival for patients with mediastinitis was 49.5 +/- 5.0% versus 71.0 +/- 2.2% for controls (p < 0.01). Analysis of specific death causes documented that cardiac deaths were significantly more frequent in mediastinitis patients than in control patients. When controlling for the confounding effect of the other variables (age, cardiopulmonary bypass time, body mass index, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), the hazard ratio associated with mediastinitis on long-term mortality was 1.59, 95% confidence limits (1.16 and 2.70) (p = 0.003). The incidence of mediastinitis in 18,532 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery was low. The major preventable risk factor of mediastinitis was amount of blood transfusion. Mediastinitis had an excess risk of early morbidity and was associated with a significant reduced long-term survival. Most deaths were considered to be cardiac. Copyright (c) 2010 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Impact of deep sternal wound infection management with vacuum-assisted closure therapy followed by sternal osteosynthesis: a 15-year review of 23,499 sternotomies.

            This study was undertaken to examine the outcome of patients with deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) now treated with vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy as a bridge to sternal osteosynthesis with horizontal titanium plate fixation. From 1992 to 2007, a consecutive cohort of 23,499 patients underwent open-heart surgery (OHS) in our institution. The period under study was divided in two according to the use of therapeutic modalities: conventional (1992-2001, N=118 DSWI): debridement/drainage with primary closure and irrigation (N=37), debridement/drainage, open packing followed by pectoralis myocutaneous flaps (PMFs) (N=81); contemporary (2002-2007, N=149 DSWI): conventional treatment (N=24) and VAC therapy (N=125/83.8%). VAC was followed by sternal osteosynthesis with horizontal titanium plates in 92 patients (61.7%). DSWI was diagnosed in 267 out of 23 499 (1.1%) patients of our entire series according to Center for Disease Control - Atlanta (CDC) criteria, 118 out of 13 180 (0.9%) in the first and 149 out of 10 319 (1.4%) in the second period (p=0.001). Hospital mortality (N=267/23,499) has been 10.25% for the entire cohort under study without any difference between groups (1992-2001: 11.4%; 2002-2007: 9.1%, p=0.67). More recently, VAC therapy (N=125) was associated with a lower mortality (4.8% vs 14.1%, p=0.01). Stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis for both periods revealed that prolonged intubation in the intensive care unit (ICU), use of bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting (BIMA), diabetes, re-operation for bleeding and body mass index (BMI) >30 kgm(-2) are the most powerful predictors of DSWI. In the more recently treated patients using VAC therapy, combined procedures (valve and graft) also emerged as a significant predictor. For the entire study, Staphylococcus epidermidis (49.6%) has been the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (38.8%). Methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was observed in 4.9% of the cohort. Neither of these bacteria was associated with increased mortality. Survival analysis with Cox regression model and propensity score adjustment in patients with DSWI showed freedom from all-cause mortality at 1, 5 and 10 years to be, respectively, 91.8%, 80.4% and 61.3% compared with 94.0%, 85.5% and 70.2%, respectively, for patients submitted to OHS without DSWI (p=0.01). Early adjusted survival for patients with DSWI treated with VAC therapy was 92.8%, 89.8% and 88.0%, respectively, at 1, 2 and 3 years, compared with 83.0%, 76.4% and 61.3%, respectively, for patients with DSWI treated without VAC (p=0.02). DSWI remains a major and challenging complication of OHS. VAC therapy with sternal preservation followed by delayed sternal osteosynthesis and PMF has been recently proposed as a new therapeutic strategy. Most patients treated with VAC therapy in our second group showed decreased perioperative mortality and increased short-term survival. Copyright (c) 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery – a retrospective analysis of 1700 patients

              Background Mediastinitis is a rare, but serious complication of cardiac surgery. It has a significant socioeconomic impact and high morbidity. The purpose of this study was to determine pre-, intra-, and postoperative predictors of mediastinitis. Methods and results In 1700 consecutive patients, who underwent cardiac surgery in 2001, 49 variables were retrospectively assessed. Forty-five patients (2.65%, 95% CI [1.88; 3.41]) developed postoperative mediastinitis. None of these patients died during their hospitalization. Multivariate analysis identified three of the 49 variables as highly significant independent predictors for the development of mediastinitis: obesity (OR 1.03, 95% CI [1.01; 1.04] p = 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 3.30, 95% CI [1.58; 6.88], p = 0.001), and bilateral grafting of the internal mammary artery (OR 3.18, 95% CI [1.20; 8.43] p = 0.02). The model is reliable in terms of its goodness of fit, it also discriminates well. Additionally, univariate analysis identified diabetes mellitus, CCS class and the number of intraoperatively transfused units of fresh frozen plasma as variables with a significant impact. Conclusion The present study suggests that bilateral IMA grafting, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity are important predictors of mediastinitis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                san
                MEDISAN
                MEDISAN
                Centro Provincial de Información de Ciencias Médicas (Santiago de Cuba, , Cuba )
                1029-3019
                October 2011
                : 15
                : 10
                : 1415-1422
                Affiliations
                [01] Santiago de Cuba orgnameServicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico quirúrgico Saturnino Lora Cuba
                Article
                S1029-30192011001000011 S1029-3019(11)01501011
                a2f79d61-f58d-4ad2-91fb-ec696803faa5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 September 2011
                : 10 September 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                colgajo de epiplón,mediastinitis aguda,hospital stay,cardiovascular surgery,staphylococcus,paralytic ileus,wound sepsis,omentum flap,acute mediastinitis,estadía hospitalaria.,cirugía cardiovascular,estafilococo,íleo paralitico,sepsis de la herida

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