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      Inventario de la Tortuga Arrau, Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) en Zoológicos de Venezuela.: Valores Referenciales del Hemograma y la Bioquímica Sérica. Translated title: Inventory of the Arrau Sideneck Turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) in Venezuelan Zoos.: Haematology and Blood Chemistry Reference Values.

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          Abstract

          La tortuga arrau o tortuga gigante del río Orinoco (Podocnemis expansa), es el quelonio de agua dulce de caparazón duro más grande del mundo, el cual ha sido sometido a una cacería irracional al punto de estar en peligro crítico de extinción. Entre las diversas estrategias de conservación para esta especie se ha considerado la posibilidad de incluir a algunos zoológicos de Venezuela dentro del programa de conservación ex situ, bien sea logrando la reproducción de adultos que permanecen cautivos o participando en el levante de neonatos provenientes de áreas naturales para su posterior liberación. En tal sentido se realizó un inventario de los ejemplares existentes en los zoológicos, verificándose la presencia de 101 adultos (94 hembras y 7 machos). Se pudo apreciar que las exhibiciones donde son mantenidos no están diseñadas específicamente para esta especie, requiriendo la mayoría de modificaciones en su infraestructura y el manejo de los ejemplares, para que puedan servir como centros de reproducción ex situ. Se extrajeron muestras de sangre de tortugas de la nuca para ser analizadas en el laboratorio, con la finalidad de obtener valores hematológicos y de química sanguínea de referencia, como un paso esencial para estimar su estado de salud. Los resultados arrojados por la observación bajo el microscopio y un analizador automático de sangre fueron: hematocrito 34,30%, eritrocitos 470 x 10(9)/L, leucocitos 3,08 x 10(9)/L, linfocitos 34,00%, monocitos 1,33%, heterófilos 63,50%, proteínas totales 43,7 g/L, albúmina 19,2 g/L, globulinas 19,6 g/L, bilirrubina total 0,004 g/L, bilirrubina directa 0,001 g/L, ácido úrico 0,012 g/L, urea 0,366 g/L, glucosa 0,485 mg/L, hierro 1,088, mg/L, calcio 0,093 g/L, sodio 134,78 mmol/L, potasio 4,26 mmol/L, cloro 104,38 mmol/L, fósforo 0,033 g/L, CK 1673 u/L, AST 26,50 u/L, ALT 16,80 u/L, y ALP 154,60 u/L, respectivamente.

          Translated abstract

          The Arrau sideneck turtle (Podocnemis expansa) is the biggest fresh water hard shell chelonian of the world, which has been subjected to an irrational hunting to the point of being in the verge of extinction. Among the diverse strategies of conservation of this species, it has been considered the possibility to employ the zoos that kept this species in their collections as ex situ breeding centers, and also for raising wild born hatchlings until one year of age for re-introduction purposes. In such a sense it was carried out an inventory of the captive zoo specimens where we counted 101 adult animals (94 females and 7 males). The inspection of the exhibits gave as a result that most of the facilities requires modifications, also in habitat conditions, animal husbandry, research and public information in order to reach mentioned aims. Blood samples were collected from the neck of some turtles, with the purpose to obtain hematological and blood chemistry reference values, as an essential step to estimate its health condition. The results obtained by the observation under microscope and a blood automatic analizer were: packed cell volume 34.30%, erythrocytes 470 x 10(9)/L, leukocytes 3.08 x 10(9)/L, lymphocytes 34.00%, monocytes 1.33%, heterophils 63.50%, total proteins 43.7 g/L, albumin 19.2 g/L, globulins 19.6 g/L, total bilirubine 0.004 g/L, direct bilirubin 0.001 g/L, uric acid 0.012 g/L, urea nitrogen 0.366 g/L, glucose 0.485 mg/L, iron 1.088, mg/L, calcium 0.093 g/L, sodium 134.78 mmol/L, potassium 4.26 mmol/L, chloride 104.38 mmol/L, phosphorus 0.033 g/L, CK 1673 u/L, AST 26.50 u/L, ALT (6.80 u/, and ALP 154.60 u/L),respectively.

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          Blood profiles for a wild population of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the southern Bahamas: size-specific and sex-specific relationships.

          Blood biochemical profiles and packed cell volumes were determined for 100 juvenile green turtles, Chelonia mydas, from a wild population in the southern Bahamas. There was a significant correlation of body size to 13 of the 26 blood parameters measured. Only plasma uric acid and cholesterol were significantly different between male and female turtles. The relationship between total plasma proteins and plasma refractive index was significant. The equation for converting refractive index (Y) to total plasma proteins (X) is Y = 1.34 + 0.00217(X).
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            Reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert.

            Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations have experienced precipitous declines resulting from the cumulative impact of habitat loss, and human and disease-related mortality. Evaluation of hematologic and biochemical responses of desert tortoises to physiologic and environmental factors can facilitate the assessment of stress and disease in tortoises and contribute to management decisions and population recovery. The goal of this study was to obtain and analyze clinical laboratory data from free-ranging desert tortoises at three sites in the Mojave Desert (California, USA) between October 1990 and October 1995, to establish reference intervals, and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory data under a variety of environmental and physiologic conditions. Body weight, carapace length, and venous blood samples for a complete blood count and clinical chemistry profile were obtained from 98 clinically healthy adult desert tortoises of both sexes at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural area (western Mojave), Goffs (eastern Mojave) and Ivanpah Valley (northeastern Mojave). Samples were obtained four times per year, in winter (February/March), spring (May/June), summer (July/August), and fall (October). Years of near-, above- and below-average rainfall were represented in the 5 yr period. Minimum, maximum and median values, and central 95 percentiles were used as reference intervals and measures of central tendency for tortoises at each site and/or season. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for significant (P < 0.01) variation on the basis of sex, site, season, and interactions between these variables. Significant sex differences were observed for packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, aspartate transaminase activity, and cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations. Marked seasonal variation was observed in most parameters in conjunction with reproductive cycle, hibernation, or seasonal rainfall. Year-to-year differences and long-term alterations primarily reflected winter rainfall amounts. Site differences were minimal, and largely reflected geographic differences in precipitation patterns, such that results from these studies can be applied to other tortoise populations in environments with known rainfall and forage availability patterns.
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              Hematology and plasma biochemistry reference range values for free-ranging desert tortoises in Arizona.

              Baseline values and ranges for 10 hematologic and 32 plasma chemistry parameters were analyzed for 36 free-ranging Sonoran desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizzi) collected in Yavapai and La Paz Counties (Arizona, USA) from 1990 to 1995. Tortoises were radio tagged from 1990 to 1994, and attempts were made to recapture them three times a year. Tortoises were weighed, measured, and chemically immobilized to collect blood for hematology and blood chemistry assessments. Tortoise biochemistry differed (P < 0.01) between sites and sexes and among seasons and years. Normal reference ranges for hematologic and plasma biochemistry parameters were determined. Seasonal and annual differences in hematology and blood chemistry were related to rainfall patterns, forage availability, and physiological condition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rc
                Revista Científica
                Rev. cient. (Maracaibo)
                UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA (Maracaibo )
                0798-2259
                October 2007
                : 17
                : 5
                : 433-440
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Venezuela
                [2 ] Fundación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales, FUDECI Venezuela
                Article
                S0798-22592007000500002
                a27d4bb1-97ae-4bd0-8ef6-7fca498efe97

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0798-2259&lng=en
                Categories
                ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
                VETERINARY SCIENCES

                General veterinary medicine,General engineering
                Podocnemis expansa,turtles,captive breeding,hematology,blood chemistry,tortugas,cría en cautiverio,hematología,bioquímica sérica

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