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      Ultrasonografía Duplex en la enfermedad esteno-oclusiva carotídea según las formas clínicas Translated title: Duplex Ultrasonography in carotid stenoocclusive disease according to clinical forms

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: la lesión carotídea ateromatosa tiene importantes connotaciones en la población adulta porque provoca una disminución del flujo sanguíneo al encéfalo y puede ser diagnosticada por ultrasonido vascular. Objetivo: caracterizar la enfermedad esteno-oclusiva carotídea por ultrasonografía y por su relación con la clínica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en los Hospitales “Arnaldo Milián Castro” y “Ernesto Guevara” de Villa Clara desde febrero de 2011 a noviembre de 2019. La población estuvo constituida por los pacientes que acudieron a la Consulta de ultrasonido vascular; de forma intencional fue seleccionada una muestra de 535 pacientes. Resultados: predominaron el grupo etáreo entre 70 y 79, el sexo masculino y los pacientes fumadores e hipertensos. La forma clínica más frecuente fue la asintomática sin soplo y de la sintomática los ataques transitorios isquémicos. La placa heterogénea, irregular y dura, con estenosis superior al 70%, se presentó en la mayoría de los casos con espectro de velocidades que indicaron enfermedad severa de las carótidas. Conclusiones: la enfermedad cerebrovascular extracraneal es multicausal, la estenosis carotídea es la causa más frecuente; los factores de riesgo de mayor relevancia son el tabaquismo y la hipertensión arterial; los criterios hemodinámicos del flujo sanguíneo en los distintos sectores de los ejes carotídeos medidos con el eco-Doppler permiten determinar el grado de estenosis. Esta enfermedad constituye un problema de salud, sobre todo en su forma asintomática, y se ha convertido en un desafío para la medicina por los altos índices de discapacidad, invalidez y mortalidad que ocasiona en los pacientes afectados.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: the atheromatous carotid lesion has important connotations in the adult population that causes a decrease in blood flow to the brain that can be diagnosed by vascular ultrasound. Objective: to characterize the carotid stenoocclusive disease by ultrasonography and its relationship with the clinic at the "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical Surgical Hospital and "Ernesto Guevara" Cardiocentro in Villa Clara, from February 2011 to November 2019. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. The population consisted of those patients who attended the vascular ultrasound consultation and a sample of 535 patients was intentionally selected. Results: the predominant age group was between 70 and 79, the male sex and the patients who smoked and were hypertensive. The most frequent clinical form was the asymptomatic without murmur and the symptomatic was the transitory ischemic attacks. Heterogeneous, irregular and hard plaque, with stenosis over 70% was presented in most of the cases with speed spectrum that indicated severe disease of the studied carotids. Conclusions: extracranial cerebrovascular disease is a multicausal entity where carotid stenosis is the most frequent cause. The most relevant risk factors for cerebrovascular disease are smoking and a high blood pressure. The hemodynamic criteria of the blood flow in the different sectors of the carotid axes measured with the ecodoppler allow determining the degree of stenosis. This pathology constitutes a health problem, especially in its asymptomatic form, which has become a challenge for medicine due to the high rates of disability, invalidity and mortality it causes in affected patients.

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          Differences in Carotid Plaques Between Symptomatic Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus : A CARE-II Study

          Objective— Diabetes mellitus is associated with high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. This study aimed to compare characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in symptomatic Chinese diabetic and nondiabetic patients using vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging. Approach and Results— Patients with cerebral ischemic symptoms in the anterior circulation and carotid atherosclerotic plaque determined by ultrasound were recruited from a cross-sectional, observational, multicenter study of CARE-II (Chinese Atherosclerosis Risk Evaluation). All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging for carotid arteries. The morphological and compositional characteristics of carotid plaques were compared between diabetic and nondiabetic patients using linear (continuous variables) and logistic regression (binary variables). In a total of 584 recruited patients, 182 (31.2%) had diabetes mellitus. From the univariate analysis, diabetic patients had significantly greater mean wall area (33.7 versus 31.1 mm 2 ; P =0.002), maximum wall thickness (3.2 versus 2.8 mm; P <0.001), and mean normalized wall index (43.8% versus 41.0%; P <0.001) and had significantly higher prevalence of calcification (51.6% versus 36.6%; P =0.001), lipid-rich necrotic core (77.5% versus 58.5%; P <0.001), and high-risk plaque (29.7% versus 19.9%; P =0.011) than nondiabetic patients. After adjusting for clinical characteristics, the differences in presence of calcification ( P =0.018) and lipid-rich necrotic core ( P =0.001) remained statistically significant. Conclusions— Symptomatic Chinese diabetic patients are more likely to have carotid plaques with calcification and lipid-rich necrotic core than nondiabetic patients, suggesting that diabetic patients may develop more severe atherosclerotic disease that should be accounted for in their clinical management.
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            Health literacy is independently and inversely associated with carotid artery plaques and cardiovascular risk.

            Health literacy, the degree to which individuals understand and act upon health information, may have a pivotal role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with low health literacy potentially explaining poorer adherence to prevention guidelines. We investigated the associations between health literacy, ultrasound-detected carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors.
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              Advanced ultrasound methods in assessment of carotid plaque instability: a prospective multimodal study

              Background A significant proportion of ischemic strokes are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic, unstable carotid artery plaques. The selection of patients for endarterectomy in current clinical practice is primarily based on the degree of carotid artery stenosis and clinical symptoms. However, the content of the plaque is known to be more important for stroke risk. Intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) has recently emerged as a possible surrogate marker for plaque instability. Neo-microvessels from the adventitial vasa vasorum grow into the full thickness of the vessel wall in an adaptive response to hypoxia, causing subsequent intraplaque haemorrhage and plaque rupture. Conventional ultrasound cannot detect IPN. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI), have, however, shown promise in IPN assessment. Recent research using Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) has also reported reduced tissue stiffness in the artery wall (reduced mean Young’s modulus) in unstable compared to stable plaques. The purpose of this study is to identify unstable carotid artery plaques at risk of rupture and future ischemic stroke risk using multimodal assessments. Methods Forty five symptomatic and 45 asymptomatic patients > 18 years, with > 50% carotid stenosis referred to Oslo University Hospital ultrasound lab will be included in this on-going project. Patients will undergo contrast enhanced ultrasound, SMI, carotid-MRI and PET-(18F-FDG). Contrast enhanced ultrasound will be analyzed semi-quantitatively (5-levels visual classification) and quantitatively by plotting time-intensity curve analyses to obtain plaque peak contrast enhancement intensity. Plaques removed at carotid endarterectomy will be assessed histologically and the number of microvessels, areas of inflammation, granulation, calcification, lipid and fibrosis will be measured. Discussion This multimodality study will primarily provide information on the clinical value of advanced ultrasound methods (SMI, SWE) for the detection of unstable carotid artery plaque in comparison with other methods including contrast-enhanced ultrasound, carotid-MRI and PET-(18F-FDG) using histology as the gold standard. Secondly, findings from the methods mentioned above will be related to cerebrovascular symptoms, blood tests (leukocytes, CRP, ESR, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers) and cardiovascular risk factors at inclusion and at 1-year follow-up. The overall aim is to optimize detection of plaque instability which can lead to better preventive decisions and reduced stroke rate.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                amdc
                Acta Médica del Centro
                Acta méd centro
                Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro (Santa Clara, , Cuba )
                2709-7927
                March 2021
                : 15
                : 1
                : 29-41
                Affiliations
                [2] Santa Clara Villa Clara orgnameHospital Provincial Universitario Cardiocentro “Ernesto Guevara” Cuba
                [1] Santa Clara Villa Clara orgnameHospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Cuba
                Article
                S2709-79272021000100029 S2709-7927(21)01500100029
                a21f6d24-a472-42e2-bd1c-675ced188de6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 December 2020
                : 25 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Cuba


                ultrasonografía doppler dúplex,enfermedad esteno-oclusiva carotídea,ultrasonography, doppler, duplex,stenoocclusive carotid disease

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