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      Carrier-free nanodrugs with efficient drug delivery and release for cancer therapy: From intrinsic physicochemical properties to external modification

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          Abstract

          The considerable development of carrier-free nanodrugs has been achieved due to their high drug-loading capability, simple preparation method, and offering “all-in-one” functional platform features. However, the native defects of carrier-free nanodrugs limit their delivery and release behavior throughout the in vivo journey, which significantly compromise the therapeutic efficacy and hinder their further development in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarized and discussed the recent strategies to enhance drug delivery and release of carrier-free nanodrugs for improved cancer therapy, including optimizing the intrinsic physicochemical properties and external modification. Finally, the corresponding challenges that carrier-free nanodrugs faced are discussed and the future perspectives for its application are presented. We hope this review will provide constructive information for the rational design of more effective carrier-free nanodrugs to advance therapeutic treatment.

          Graphical abstract

          Great enhancement of carrier-free nanodrugs has been achieved to overcome the defects during the in vivo journey. This review has systemically summarized the recent strategies to enhance drug delivery and release of carrier-free nanodrugs, including optimizing the intrinsic physicochemical properties and external modification.

          Highlights

          • •

            Recent progresses on carrier-free nanodrugs for enhancing drug delivery and release are summarized.

          • •

            Strategies of optimizing the intrinsic physicochemical properties and external modification are summarized.

          • •

            Future perspectives and challenges of carrier-free nanodrugs are discussed.

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          Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities

          Jinjun Shi, Philip Kantoff, Richard Wooster … (2016)
          The intrinsic limits of conventional cancer therapies prompted the development and application of various nanotechnologies for more effective and safer cancer treatment, herein referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Considerable technological success has been achieved in this field, but the main obstacles to nanomedicine becoming a
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            Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications.

            Theresa Allen, Pieter R. Cullis (2013)
            The first closed bilayer phospholipid systems, called liposomes, were described in 1965 and soon were proposed as drug delivery systems. The pioneering work of countless liposome researchers over almost 5 decades led to the development of important technical advances such as remote drug loading, extrusion for homogeneous size, long-circulating (PEGylated) liposomes, triggered release liposomes, liposomes containing nucleic acid polymers, ligand-targeted liposomes and liposomes containing combinations of drugs. These advances have led to numerous clinical trials in such diverse areas as the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal and antibiotic drugs, the delivery of gene medicines, and the delivery of anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs. A number of liposomes (lipidic nanoparticles) are on the market, and many more are in the pipeline. Lipidic nanoparticles are the first nanomedicine delivery system to make the transition from concept to clinical application, and they are now an established technology platform with considerable clinical acceptance. We can look forward to many more clinical products in the future. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Nanomedicine in cancer therapy: challenges, opportunities, and clinical applications.

              Andreas Wicki, Dominik Witzigmann, Vimalkumar Balasubramanian … (2015)
              Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Currently available therapies are inadequate and spur demand for improved technologies. Rapid growth in nanotechnology towards the development of nanomedicine products holds great promise to improve therapeutic strategies against cancer. Nanomedicine products represent an opportunity to achieve sophisticated targeting strategies and multi-functionality. They can improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of conventional therapeutics and may thus optimize the efficacy of existing anti-cancer compounds. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art nanoparticles and targeted systems that have been investigated in clinical studies. We emphasize the challenges faced in using nanomedicine products and translating them from a preclinical level to the clinical setting. Additionally, we cover aspects of nanocarrier engineering that may open up new opportunities for nanomedicine products in the clinic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Huile Gao
                Jun Cao
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bioact Mater
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bioact Mater
                Title: Bioactive Materials
                Publisher: KeAi Publishing
                ISSN (Electronic): 2452-199X
                Publication date PMC-release: 06 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: February 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 July 2021
                Volume: 8
                Pages: 220-240
                Affiliations
                [a ]National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
                [b ]West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
                [c ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78731, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. caojun@ 123456scu.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. gaohuile@ 123456scu.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2452-199X(21)00321-2
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.035
                PMC ID: 8424425
                PubMed ID: 34541398
                SO-VID: a205ac7c-c294-41e1-9b83-abd27368c6b9
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 March 2021
                Date revision received : 23 June 2021
                Date accepted : 30 June 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: carrier-free nanodrugs,drug delivery and release,intrinsic physicochemical properties,external modification,therapeutic efficacy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: carrier-free nanodrugs, drug delivery and release, intrinsic physicochemical properties, external modification, therapeutic efficacy

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