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      Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 and merozoite surface protein-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from children in South of Benin Translated title: Polymorphisme génétique de la protéine de surface du mérozoïte 1 et de la protéine de surface du mérozoïte 2 dans des isolats de Plasmodium falciparum d’enfants du Sud du Bénin

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum by analyzing the polymorphism of the msp-1 and msp-2 genes and the multiplicity of infection in children with uncomplicated malaria in southern Benin. Blood samples of children with fever or history of fever with thick smear positive P. falciparum were collected on filter paper. After extraction of DNA by Chelex®, the samples underwent nested PCR. 93 isolates from children were genotyped. For the msp-1 gene, the K1 and R033 sequences were the most represented in the study population with 85.2% and 83% prevalence, respectively. Regarding the msp-2 gene, the FC27 family was more highly represented with 99% prevalence against 81.5% for 3D7. Mixed infections accounted for 80.4% of the samples. Twenty-five alleles were identified for msp-1 and 28 for msp-2. Fourteen and ten alleles belonged to the K1 (100–500 bp) and MAD20 (100–500 bp) families, respectively. The RO33 sequence did not show any polymorphism, with only one variant (160 bp) detected. The msp-2 gene was present as 16 FC27 family fragments (250–800 bp) and 12 of the 3D7 family (350–700 bp). The multiplicity of infection was estimated at 3.8 for msp-1 and 3.9 for msp-2 with 77 (87.5%) and 84 (91.3%) samples harboring more than one parasite genotype for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) was influenced neither by age nor by parasite density. This study shows a significant diversity of P. falciparum in southern Benin with an MOI unaffected by age or by parasite density.

          Translated abstract

          Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la diversité génétique de Plasmodium falciparum en analysant le polymorphisme des gènes msp-1 et msp-2 et la multiplicité de l’infection chez les enfants souffrant de paludisme simple au sud du Bénin. Les enfants présentant une fièvre ou antécédents de fièvre avec une goutte épaisse positive à P. falciparum ont subi un prélèvement de sang sur papier buvard. Après extraction de l’ADN au Chelex®, les échantillons ont fait l’objet d’une PCR nichée. Les isolats de 93 enfants ont été génotypés. Pour le gène msp-1, les familles K1 et R033 étaient les plus représentées dans la population d’étude avec respectivement 85,2 % et 82,9 %. Pour msp-2, la famille FC27 était la plus représentée avec 98,9 % contre 81,6 % pour 3D7. Les infections mixtes représentaient 80,4 % des échantillons. Vingt-cinq allèles ont été identifiés pour msp-1 et 28 pour msp-2. Quatorze et dix allèles appartenaient respectivement à la famille K1 (100–500 bp) et MAD20 (100–500 bp). Aucun polymorphisme n’a été noté avec la famille RO33, avec un seul fragment (160 bp) détecté. Le gène msp-2 présentait 16 fragments pour FC27 (250–800 bp) et 12 pour 3D7 (350–700 bp). La multiplicité de l’infection était de 3,8 pour msp-1 et 3,9 pour msp-2 avec 77 (87,5 %) et 84 (91,3 %) échantillons qui avaient plus d’un génotype parasitaire respectivement pour msp-1 et msp-2. La multiplicité de l’infection (MOI) ne variait pas significativement avec l’âge ni avec la densité parasitaire. Cette étude montre une importante diversité de P. falciparum au sud du Bénin avec une MOI qui n’est influencée ni par l’âge ni par la densité parasitaire.

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          Most cited references23

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          Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand.

          Plasmodium falciparum isolates were obtained from Thai patients attending a malaria clinic on the Thai-Kampuchean border over 4 cross-sectional surveys carried out at 3-monthly intervals. The genetic structure of the parasite populations was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of polymorphic regions of 3 P. falciparum antigen genes: msp1, msp2 and glurp. Although a high degree of diversity characterized these isolates, the overall population structure of the parasites associated with patent malaria infections was observed to remain relatively stable over time. The highest degree of polymorphism was observed with msp2, and the mean number of lines per infection (multiplicity of infection) calculated with this marker was higher than that obtained using msp1 or glurp alone, or combined. Infections with > or = 2 parasite lines were seen in 76% of the samples, and were proportionally more numerous at the start and end of the rainy season. Two interesting exceptions to the random distribution were observed and involved 2 allelic variants which in one case were found dissociated (msp1 MAD20-family) and in the other were associated (msp2 FC27-family). The epidemiological significance of these types of data is discussed.
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            Analysis of sequence diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1).

            Immunization with the first identified Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP-1) protected monkeys from an otherwise fatal infection. The question of whether the high degree of diversity in MSP-1 among parasite clones will be an impediment to its development as a vaccine candidate needs to be resolved. We have aligned all published sequences, identifying errors, resequencing a portion of one parasite clone, and identifying probable duplicate sequences of four pairs of parasite clones. The sequences are displayed in a fashion that facilitates the study of variation and its potentially diverse origins. The original dimorphic sequences described by Tanabe et al. have been modified to include only common sequences throughout the entire gene. The extension of the dimorphic region to the 5' end of block 3 brings into question the involvement of intragenic crossover as the major mechanism generating allelic diversity. Additional diversity developed from point mutations and recombination in certain regions of the gene. The regions of variability and conservation should serve as a data base for planning vaccine trials.
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              Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants

              Background Individuals living in malaria endemic areas generally harbour multiple parasite strains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) can be an indicator of immune status. However, whether this is good or bad for the development of immunity to malaria, is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the MOI in asymptomatic children between two and ten years of age and to relate it to erythrocyte variants, clinical attacks, transmission levels and other parasitological indexes. Methods Study took place in Niakhar area in Senegal, where malaria is mesoendemic and seasonal. Three hundred and seventy two asymptomatic children were included. Sickle-cell trait, G6PD deficiency (A- and Santamaria) and α+-thalassaemia (-α3.7 type) were determined using PCR. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection, i.e. number of concurrent clones, was defined by PCR-based genotyping of the merozoite surface protein-2 (msp2), before and at the end of the malaria transmission season. The χ2-test, ANOVA, multivariate linear regression and logistic regression statistical tests were used for data analysis. Results MOI was significantly higher at the end of transmission season. The majority of PCR positive subjects had multiple infections at both time points (64% before and 87% after the transmission season). MOI did not increase in α-thalassaemic and G6PD mutated children. The ABO system and HbAS did not affect MOI at any time points. No association between MOI and clinical attack was observed. MOI did not vary over age at any time points. There was a significant correlation between MOI and parasite density, as the higher parasite counts increases the probability of having multiple infections. Conclusion Taken together our data revealed that α-thalassaemia may have a role in protection against certain parasite strains. The protection against the increase in MOI after the transmission season conferred by G6PD deficiency is probably due to clearance of the malaria parasite at early stages of infection. The ABO system and HbAS are involved in the severity of the disease but do not affect asymptomatic infections. MOI was not age-dependent, in the range of two to ten years, but was correlated with parasite density. However some of these observations need to be confirmed including larger sample size with broader age range and using other msp2 genotyping method.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2013
                21 October 2013
                : 20
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2013/01 )
                : 37
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unité d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Parasitologie-Mycologie de la Faculté des Sciences de la Santé 01BP188 Cotonou Bénin
                [2 ] Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 08BP841 Cotonou Bénin
                [3 ] Laboratoire du Centre de Lutte Intégrée contre le Paludisme 01BP188 Cotonou Bénin
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: aurorefel@ 123456yahoo.fr
                Article
                parasite130061 10.1051/parasite/2013039
                10.1051/parasite/2013039
                3798888
                24135216
                a11f168f-165a-4bc5-ad5b-4b53a29c4b99
                © A. Ogouyèmi-Hounto et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2013

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 July 2013
                : 06 October 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Article

                benin,genotyping,merozoite surface protein,plasmodium falciparum

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