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      Interaction of the causal agent of apricot bud gall Acalitus phloeocoptes (Nalepa) with apricot: Implications in infested tissues

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          Abstract

          Apricot bud gall mite, Acalitus phloeocoptes (Nalepa), is a destructive arthropod pest that causes significant economic losses to apricot trees worldwide. The current study explores the ways to understand the mode of dispersal of A. phloeocoptes, the development and ultrastructure of apricot bud gall, and the role of phytohormones in the formation of the apricot bud galls. The results demonstrated that the starch granules in the bud axon were extended at the onset of the attack. During the later stages of the attack, the cytoplasm was found to deteriorate in infected tissues. Furthermore, we have observed that the accumulation of large amounts of cytokinin (zeatin, ZT) and auxin (indoleacetic acid, IAA) led to rapid bud proliferation during rapid growth period, while abscisic acid (ABA) controls the development of gall buds and plays a vital role in gall bud maturity. The reduction of gibberellic acid (GA3) content led to rapid lignification at the later phase of bud development. Overall, our results have revealed that the mechanism underlying the interaction of apricot bud gall with its parasite and have provided reliable information for designing valuable Apricot breeding programs. This study will be quite useful for pest management and will provide a comprehensive evaluation of ecology-based cost-effective control, life history and demographic parameters of A. phloeocoptes.

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          Most cited references40

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          Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants

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            The adaptive significance of insect gall morphology

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              Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function are early events of dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis

              In this paper we used a multiparametric approach to analyze extensively the events occurring during apoptotic cell death of thymocytes, and furthermore, we asked whether alterations in mitochondrial structure and function are occurring in early stages of apoptosis. A multiparametric quantitative analysis was performed on normal or apoptotic thymocytes emerging from a few-hour culture performed in culture medium or in the presence of dexamethasone. Simultaneous detection of light scattering properties, integrity of plasma membrane (trypan blue exclusion), chromatin condensation (AO/EB staining of entire cells or PI staining of nuclei), and DNA fragmentation (in situ nick-translation in apoptotic cells) allowed a precise analysis of the preapoptotic and apoptotic stages. Moreover a thorough study of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m) assessed following in a time course study the uptake by apoptotic cells of the cationic lipophilic dye DiOC6(3) or the J-aggregate-forming cation JC-1, indicates that a drop in delta psi m occurs very early in thymocyte apoptosis, before DNA fragmentation. This is associated with alteration in mitochondrial structure assessed by cytofluorimetric study of NAO uptake in apoptotic cells. Finally these dramatic alterations in mitochondrial structure and function occurring in early stages of apoptosis were confirmed by confocal and electron microscopy analysis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Supervision
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Data curation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Formal analysis
                Role: Formal analysis
                Role: Supervision
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2 September 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 9
                : e0250678
                Affiliations
                [1 ] College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
                [2 ] School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
                [3 ] Gansu Agriculture Vocational and Technical College, Horticulture Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
                [4 ] College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
                [5 ] College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
                [6 ] Department of Horticulture, FoA, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
                [7 ] College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah, Pakistan
                [8 ] Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
                Nanjing Agricultural University, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Article
                PONE-D-21-11552
                10.1371/journal.pone.0250678
                8412328
                34473720
                a1084da6-55fb-4f46-9ff1-7198c2b9e162
                © 2021 Li et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 April 2021
                : 11 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: the National Key R& D Program of China
                Award ID: 2016YFD0201100
                Funded by: Modern Fruit Industry Technology System of Gansu Province
                Award ID: GARS-SG-2
                The National Key R&D Program of China (project 2016YFD0201100), and the Modern Fruit Industry Technology System of Gansu Province (GARS-SG-2). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Mites
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Mites
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Buds
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Leaves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Plant Hormones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Vacuoles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Nymphs
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Organic Compounds
                Carbohydrates
                Starches
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Organic Chemistry
                Organic Compounds
                Carbohydrates
                Starches
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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