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      Periodontal status and mandibular biomechanics in rats subjected to hyposalivation and periodontitis Translated title: Estudio del estado periodontal y la biomecánica mandibular en ratas sometidas a hiposalivación y periodontitis

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          ABSTRACT

          Xerostomia emerges as a consequence of salivary gland hypofunction, and seriously compromises the integrity of hard and soft oral tissues, whileperiodontitis is an infectious disease characterized by biofilm accumulation, inflammation and alveolar bone resorption.

          Aim

          The aim this study was to compare the deleterious effects caused by experimental hyposalivation, periodontitis, and the combination of both on periodontal tissues and mandibular biomechanics in rats.

          Materials and Method

          Hyposalivation (group H) was induced through bilateral submandibulectomy. Periodontitis (group EP) was induced by injecting LPS (1 mg/ml) into the gingiva of the first lower molars. A third group was subjected to both conditions (group H+EP). Alveolar bone loss was evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis, and gingival inflammatory mediators were assessed by specific techniques. Biomechanical properties were evaluated in mandible.

          Results

          Alveolar bone loss increased similarly in groups H, EP and H+EP compared to control. Metalloproteinase (MMP2 and MMP9) activity was similar in H and control, but higher in groups EP and H+EP (MMP2: C 9644+2214, EP 34441+3336, H 5818+1532, H+EP 42673+3184; MMP9: C 5792+961, EP 14807+861, H 9295+520, H+EP 4838+1531). The rest of the inflammatory mediators evaluated increased in groups H, EP and H+EP to a greater or lesser extent with respect to the control, although in most cases, they were higher in groups EP and H+EP than in group H. The biomechanical properties of the mandible increased in group H compared to the other three groups.

          Conclusions

          Both hyposalivation and periodontitis cause periodontal damage, but hyposalivation also produces biomechanical alterations, causing more extensive deleterious effects than periodontitis.

          RESUMEN

          La xerostomía surge como consecuencia de la hipofunción de las glándulas salivales y compromete seriamente la integridad de los tejidos orales duros y blandos, mientras que la periodontitis es una enfermedad infecciosa caracterizada por la acumulación de biofilm, inflamación y reabsorción ósea alveolar.

          Objetivo

          El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los efectos deletéreos causados por la hiposalivación y la periodontitis experimental, y la combinación de ambas sobre los tejidos periodontales y la biomecánica mandibular en ratas.

          Materiales y Método

          La hiposalivación (H) se indujo mediante una submandibulectomía bilateral. Por otra parte, la periodontitis (PE) se indujo mediante la inyección de LPS (1 mg/ml) en la encía de los primeros molares inferiores. Otro grupo se sometió a ambas condiciones (H+PE). La pérdida ósea alveolar se evaluó mediante tomografia microcomputarizada y análisis histomorfométrico, mientras que los mediadores inflamatorios gingivales fueron determinados mediante técnicas específicas. Se evaluaron las propiedades biomecánicas en la mandíbula.

          Resultados

          La hiposalivación aumentó la pérdida ósea alveolar en comparación con el control de forma similar a la PE y H+PE. La actividad de las metaloproteinasas (MMP2 y MMP9) fue similar en los grupos H y control, pero resultó mayor en los grupos PE y H+PE (MMP2: C 9644+2214, PE 34441+3336, H 5818+1532, H+PE 42673+3184; MMP9: C 5792+961, PE 14807+861, H 9295+520, H+PE 24838+1531). El resto de los mediadores inflamatorios evaluados aumentaron en mayor o menor medida en los grupos H, PE y H+PE respecto al control, aunque en la mayoría de los casos fueron superiores en los grupos PE y H+PE respecto al grupo H. Sin embargo, las propiedades biomecánicas de la mandíbula aumentaron en el grupo H con respecto a los otros grupos.

          Conclusiones

          Tanto la hiposalivación como la periodontitis causan daño periodontal, pero la hiposalivación también produce alteraciones biomecánicas, provocando efectos deletéreos más extensos que la periodontitis.

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          Most cited references49

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          A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding

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            Guidelines for assessment of bone microstructure in rodents using micro-computed tomography.

            Use of high-resolution micro-computed tomography (microCT) imaging to assess trabecular and cortical bone morphology has grown immensely. There are several commercially available microCT systems, each with different approaches to image acquisition, evaluation, and reporting of outcomes. This lack of consistency makes it difficult to interpret reported results and to compare findings across different studies. This article addresses this critical need for standardized terminology and consistent reporting of parameters related to image acquisition and analysis, and key outcome assessments, particularly with respect to ex vivo analysis of rodent specimens. Thus the guidelines herein provide recommendations regarding (1) standardized terminology and units, (2) information to be included in describing the methods for a given experiment, and (3) a minimal set of outcome variables that should be reported. Whereas the specific research objective will determine the experimental design, these guidelines are intended to ensure accurate and consistent reporting of microCT-derived bone morphometry and density measurements. In particular, the methods section for papers that present microCT-based outcomes must include details of the following scan aspects: (1) image acquisition, including the scanning medium, X-ray tube potential, and voxel size, as well as clear descriptions of the size and location of the volume of interest and the method used to delineate trabecular and cortical bone regions, and (2) image processing, including the algorithms used for image filtration and the approach used for image segmentation. Morphometric analyses should be based on 3D algorithms that do not rely on assumptions about the underlying structure whenever possible. When reporting microCT results, the minimal set of variables that should be used to describe trabecular bone morphometry includes bone volume fraction and trabecular number, thickness, and separation. The minimal set of variables that should be used to describe cortical bone morphometry includes total cross-sectional area, cortical bone area, cortical bone area fraction, and cortical thickness. Other variables also may be appropriate depending on the research question and technical quality of the scan. Standard nomenclature, outlined in this article, should be followed for reporting of results. 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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              Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

              The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility to periodontitis appears to be determined by the host response; specifically, the magnitude of the inflammatory response and the differential activation of immune pathways. The purpose of this review was to delineate our current knowledge of the host response in periodontitis. The role of innate immunity, the failure of acute inflammation to resolve (thus becoming chronic), the cytokine pathways that regulate the activation of acquired immunity and the cells and products of the immune system are considered. New information relating to regulation of both inflammation and the immune response will be reviewed in the context of susceptibility to, and perhaps control of, periodontitis. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Odontol Latinoam
                Acta Odontol Latinoam
                aol
                Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana
                Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Odontológica
                0326-4815
                1852-4834
                30 April 2024
                30 April 2024
                : 37
                : 1
                : 45-58
                Affiliations
                [1 ] ISNI 0000 0001 2174 3311, universityUniversidad de Buenos Aires, facultyFacultad de Odontología, chairCátedra de Fisiología; Buenos Aires Argentina
                [2 ] ISNI 0000 0001 2297 3151, councilConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: César Ángel Ossola   caossola@ 123456hotmail.com

                CONFLICT OF INTEREST

                The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest regarding the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3915-4226
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-9719
                https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8093-4628
                https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6442-3013
                https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1938-6662
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7795-0747
                https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2947-8331
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0425-3585
                Article
                10.54589/aol.37/1/45
                11212216
                38920126
                9eee3c3e-0832-42fb-8b8b-9fed6bd634d1
                Copyright © SAIO

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

                History
                : September 2023
                : March 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
                Award ID: UBACyT 20020190100009BA
                Award ID: 20020170100355BA
                Funded by: National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion, Argentina
                Award ID: PICT-2016-0217
                Funded by: National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET)
                Award ID: 11220200100262CO
                >This work was supported by grants from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina (UBACyT 20020190100009BA and 20020170100355BA), National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion, Argentina (PICT-2016-0217) and the National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) (11220200100262CO).
                Categories
                Original Article

                jaw,xerostomia,periodontal diseases,gingiva,inflammation,mandíbula,xerostomía,enfermedad periodontal,encía,inflamación

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